Then why do only 3 companies make it?
When Samsung had to sell memory at a loss after COVID, no one came to save them. They buffered their memory division using profits from their other businesses. That’s how Samsung survives memory downturns.
According to some stories, this is how Samsung convinced TSMC to not enter the memory business - that you need a nation or other lines of business to prevent bankruptcies.
The market has stabilized to 3 players.
Because it's an incredibly capital intensive process, involving billions of dollars of investment into manufacturing infrastructure.
That is to say, making memory is quite hard.
I didn’t say owning a memory business is easy.
Other examples from outside of tech of easy but capital intensive processes are power generation and railroads. Very easy to do, but easy to end up broken by overbuilding for demand that fails to materialize or stay stable for the duration of your financing.
Placing the bet isn't as hard as making an accurate prediction.
Exactly, so what’s the incentive for anyone to sink half a billy into building out more capacity.
The existing players get to rest on their laurels and succeed whether or not the AI bubble busts.
Samsung, SK Hynix, and Micron all have to balance between capex spending, making as much profit as possible, and risk of bankruptcy.
Heck, the US is now pressuring ASML to not sell even DUV machines to China, period.