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SpaceX is very close to demonstrating an architecture that ameliorates almost all of the drawbacks of two stage to orbit architectures. The tyranny of the rocket equation ensures that while a SSTO carrying all of it's oxygen is possible, it's never going to be able to carry enough mass to be useful.

Therefore nobody is ever going to invest the tens of billions required to develop a rocket based SSTO.

If somebody develops an engine that makes air breathing most of the way to orbit feasible, this has a chance of competing a Starship style architecture.

For the reasons you espoused, this is highly unlikely. However "highly unlikely" is more likely than "never".

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Jet engines have on the order of 10x the specific impulse of a chemical rocket.

Atmospheric density reduces exponentially with altitude, which implies that you would need to go exponentially faster to maintain mass flow into your engines and lift over your wings. The truth is that breathing air only gets you a third of the way to space, at best, so you have to have a rocket, and now you're battling that complexity. If your space plane doesn't breathe air, it probably is just better to punch your way out the way conventional rockets do.

Of course, the rocket equation is logarithmic, so reducing the amount of mass you loft gives you an exponential gain. This is true for all propulsion systems to an extent (different constants) but getting into space is the hardest propulsion problem we face. A space plane may or may not be better in this regard (it's been a while since I've looked into that kind of thing, so no opinion either way) but imo the inherent complexity is enough on its own to kill the idea.

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Only because traditionally the airplane industry measures specific impulse on just fuel flow, completely ignoring the oxidizer and atmospheric nitrogen. If you calculate like for like, including the air, jet airplanes have significantly worse Isp than a rocket engine.
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They get this fictitious specific impulse by scaling the effective exhaust velocity by a scaling parameter to account for the fact that the exhaust mass flow consists of extra mass (air), in addition to what is carried onboard (fuel). This specific impulse is still used for comparing jet engines based on efficiency. Another use for it is to calculate space mission requirements in launchers utilizing air-breathing engines in their first stage (as your parent commenter points out). Though such vehicles don't exist yet, there are concepts being pursued. Some of them use a scramjet and others are more elaborate like the (cancelled?) SABRE engine. So those Isps are not completely meaningless.

The general idea is that you can get much better results in terms of deltav if you can find at least part of the reaction mass from elsewhere without carrying it onboard. Even inert nitrogen is useful as a reaction mass. Another way to get a good result is to use separate sources of reaction mass and energy. Then use that energy to accelerate the reaction mass as much as possible, so that you get a decent deltav by the time you exhaust the reaction mass. This is what ion and plasma thrusters do.

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There are air-breathing rockets, some of the oldest were ultimately canceled soviet projects for road-mobile ICBMs (canceled for reasons AFAIK unrelated to air breathing concept), and the recent Meteor air-to-air missile
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