My introduction to this subject was through Harald Welte's work on OpenMoko (i still have an old one lying around somewhere) but after the explosion of iPhones/Android phones have not kept apace. Here is Harald's old but still informative presentation Anatomy of smartphone hardware: Dissecting contemporary cellphone hardware - https://media.ccc.de/v/25c3-3008-en-anatomy_of_smartphone_ha...
Also you might find Roger Ye's old book Embedded Programming with Android: Bringing Up an Android System from Scratch pretty useful.