As for falsifiability:
> You have some particular kind of rule. And it looks as if it’s only going to behave in some particular way. But no, eventually you find a case where it does something completely different, and unexpected.
So I guess to falsify a theory about some rule you just have to run the rule long enough to see something the theory doesn't predict.
You judge them by how useful they are.
Ruliology is a bit like that.
https://nedbatchelder.com/blog/200207/stephen_wolframs_unfor...