There is a Soviet movie, "Teens in the Universe" [0], where teens cause robots' brains to fry by giving them linguistic logical puzzles.

[0]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teens_in_the_Universe

This would work if it wasn’t for that lovely little human trait where we tend to find bumbling characters endearing. People would be sad when the AI lost.

In the excellent and underrated The Mitchells vs the Machines there's a running joke with a pug dog that sends the evil robots into a loop because they can't decide if it's a dog, a pig or a loaf of bread.

This theme reminds me of Blaine the Mono from the Dark Tower series

There is a Star Trek episode where a fiendish brainteaser was actually considered to genocide an entire (cybernetic, not AI) race. In the end, captain Picard choose not to deploy it.