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That is one advantage of C++ - you can use higher level features like generic data types/algorithms, member functions, constructors, destructors, and iterators and still have performant code. You can use object-orientation without having to heap allocate each object and pay the cost of "virtual" calls. (which many other object-oriented languages couple together)
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Yes! The idea of zero cost abstractions became popular in the C++ world. It was never a thing for Objective-C.
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When I was writing apps at Apple for the low-integer-version-numbered iOSes, this is what we typically did (since we had a single-core CPU in the MHz and <1GB).

UI shell in UIKit Obj-C, over a C++ or CoreFoundation (C) business layer, talking directly to sqlite.

I haven't seen the source of Apple apps and frameworks in over 10 years now, but I hope for their sake a lot of it has moved to Swift by now.

If I were CFed I'd mandate 2026 as the Year of Claude Code Radar Burndown. Their backlogs are insane and Apple actually addresses maybe 5% of what it knows to be wrong in a given year. Make it 2% when a UI Refresh is mandated.

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