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IMO rust started at this from the wrong direction. Comparing to something like zig which just cannot panic unless the developer wrote the thing that does the panic, cannot allocate unless the developer wrote the allocation, etc.

Rust instead has all these implicit things that just happen, and now needs ways to specify that in particular cases, it doesn't.

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Huh? It seems to me that in these respects the two languages are almost identical. If I tell the program to panic, it panics, and if I divide an integer by zero it... panics and either those are both "the developer wrote the thing" or neither is.
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In Zig, dividing by 0 does not panic unless you decide that it should or go out of your way to use unsafe primitives [1]. Same for trying to allocate more memory than is available. The general difference is as follows (IMO):

Rust tries to prevent developers from doing bad things, then has to include ways to avoid these checks for cases where it cannot prove that bad things are actually OK. Zig (and many others such as Odin, Jai, etc.) allow anything by default, but surface the fact that issues can occur in its API design. In practice the result is the same, but Rust needs to be much more complex both to do the proving and to allow the developers to ignore its rules.

[1]: https://ziglang.org/documentation/0.15.2/std/#std.math.divEx...

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Could you clarify what's going on in the Zig docs[0], then? My reading of them is that Zig definitely allows you to try to divide by 0 in a way the compiler doesn't catch, and this results in a panic at runtime.

I'd be interested if this weren't true, since the only feasible compiler solutions to preventing division-by-0 errors are either: defining the behaviour, which always ends up surprising people later on, or; incredibly cumbersome or underperformant type systems/analyses which ensure that denominators are never 0.

It doesn't look like Zig does either of these.

[0]: https://ziglang.org/documentation/master/#Division-by-Zero

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More specifically, Zig will return an error type from the division and if this isn't handled THEN it will panic, kind of like an exception except it can be handled with proper pattern matching.
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Perhaps there are similarities to Scala, from my anecdotal observation. Coming from Java and doing the Scala coursera course years ago, it feels like arriving in a candy shop. All the wonderful language features are there, true power yours to wield. And then you bump into the code lines crafted by the experts, and they are line for line so 'smart' they take a real long time to figure out how the heck it all fits together.

People say "Rust is more complex to onboard to, but it is worth it", but a lot of the onboarding hurdle is the extra complexity added in by experts being smart. And it may be a reason why a language doesn't get the adoption that the creators hoped for (Scala?). Rust does not have issues with popularity, and the high onboarding barrier, may have positive impact eventually where "Just rewrite it in Rust" is no more, and people only choose Rust where it is most appropriate. Use the right language for the tool.

The complexity of Rust made me check out Gleam [0], a language designed for simplicity, ease of use, and developer experience. A wholly different design philosophy. But not less powerful, as a BEAM language that compiles to Erlang, but also compiles to Javascript if you want to do regular web stuff.

[0] https://gleam.run

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At least from what I’ve seen around me professionally, the issue with most Scala projects was that developers started new projects in Scala while also still learning Scala through a Coursera course, without having a FP background and therefore lacking intuition/experience on which technique to apply when and where. The result was that you could see “more advanced” Scala (as per the course progression) being used in newer code of the projects. Then older code was never refactored resulting in a hodgepodge of different techniques.

This can happen in any language and is more indicative of not having a strong lead safeguarding the consistency of the codebase. Now Scala has had the added handicap of being able to express the same thing in multiple ways, all made possible in later iterations of Scala, and finally homogenised in Scala 3.

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> And then you bump into the code lines crafted by the experts, and they are line for line so 'smart' they take a real long time to figure out how the heck it all fits together.

Thing is, the alternative to "smart" code that packs a lot into a single line is code where that line turns into multiple pages of code, which is in fact worse for understanding. At least with PL features, you only have to put in the work once and you can grok how they're meant to be used anywhere.

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I honestly just don't believe that Rust is more complex to onboard to compared to languages like Python. It just does not match my experience at all. I've been a professional rust developer for about three years. Every time I look at python code, it's doing something insane where the function argument definition basically looks like line noise with args and kwargs, with no types, so it's impossible to guess what the parameeters will be for any given function. Every python developer I know makes heavy use of the repl just to figure out what methods they can call on some return value of some underdocumented method of a library they're using. The first time I read pandas code, I saw something along the lines of df[df["age"] < 3] and thought I was having a stroke. Yet python has a reputation for being easy to learn and use. We have a python developer on our team and it probably took me about a day to onboard him to rust and get him able to make changes to our (fairly complicated) Rust codebase.

Don't get me wrong, rust has plenty of "weird" features too, for example higher rank trait bounds have a ridiculous syntax and are going to be hard for most people to understand. But, almost no one will ever have to use a higher rank trait bound. I encounter such things much more rarely in rust than in almost any other mainstream language.

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The language itself is not more complex to onboard. For Scala also not. It feels great to have all these language features to ones proposal. The added complexity is in the way how expert code is written. The experts are empowered and productive, but heightens the barrier of entry for newcomers by their practices. Note that they also might expertly write more accessible code to avoid the issue, and then I agree with (though I can't compare to Python, never used it).
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You can see:

* no-panic: https://docs.rs/no-panic/latest/no_panic/

* Safe Rust has no undefined behavior: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39564755

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