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Kalpa is an immutable distro based on MicroOS with KDE as it's desktop environment.

MicroOS and its derivatives are all based on Tumbleweed. MicroOS was intended to be used for container workloads. Aeon grew out of that with a GNOME desktop, Kalpa a KDE desktop. Because they were focused in a way Tumbleweed is not, they are a more opinionated distro. On the other hand, Tumbleweed is a rolling distro that wants to be all things for everyone.

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I was trying to figure out the change as well - I've only used Tumbleweed through WSL before. Does it provide a desktop environment preinstalled or is it a 'bring-your-own' deal? (if not, that seems to be the big thing that Kalpa brings to the table?)
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Tumbleweed comes with desktop environment options. You can select from a few.

I guess you get the atomic system, but with Tumbleweed you get snapshot backups anyway.

One of the main advantages of Tumbleweed is the extensive testing pipeline. I'm not sure how a derivative would be able to offer a similar experience

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"I have a minor inconvenience -- I know, I'll create an entirely new distribution where 99.92% is identical to the base"
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How else are you going to improve the linux gene pool? Breeding linux distros ain't gonna cut it :)
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Being able to roll back updates/upgrades that go wrong, is not just fixing a minor inconvenience. There's also something about the critical part of the system being less mutable. Desktop Linux has been way too easy to break in the past.
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Tubleweed has snapshots and rollbacks too by default. But yeah immutable distros are good for beginners so they don't destroy their system!
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The OS this is based on, Tumbleweed, is what provides that capability. I do not think there is anything novel here.
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