1. Yes. Each runtime is a GenServer (= own process + mailbox). There's also a lighter-weight Context mode where many JS contexts share one OS thread via a ContextPool, but each context still maps 1:1 to a BEAM process.

2. No. JS runs on a dedicated OS thread, outside the BEAM scheduler. But there's an interrupt handler (JS_SetInterruptHandler) that checks a deadline on every JS opcode boundary — pass timeout: 1000 to eval and it interrupts after 1s, runtime stays usable. For contexts there's also max_reductions — QuickJS-NG counts JS operations and interrupts when the budget runs out, closest analog to BEAM reductions.

3. QuickJS-NG uses refcounting with cycle detection. Each runtime/context has its own GC — one collecting doesn't touch another. When a Runtime GenServer terminates, JS_FreeContext + JS_FreeRuntime release everything.

4. No, standard JS mutability. But the JS↔Erlang boundary copies values — no shared mutable state across that boundary.

5. QuickJS-NG enforces JS_SetMemoryLimit per-runtime (default 256 MB) and JS_SetContextMemoryLimit per-context. Exceeding the limit raises a JS exception, not a segfault. It propagates as {:error, ...} to the caller. Since each runtime is a supervised GenServer, the supervisor restarts it. There are tests for OOM in one context not crashing the pool, and one runtime crashing not affecting siblings.