Wat? Bitlocker is the answer to your question.
> In my limited experience with bitlocker, the disk is decryptable automatically as long as it's in the original motherboard.
It's unlocked (not decrypted) when the OS boots, yes. You can optionally enforce (not on Home) other unlock methods, such as PIN before the OS boots.
> I want my FDE to be based on a password or a keyfile, not simply by some code in the motherboard.
That's less secure than TPM.
If bitlocker has a PIN/passphrase decrypt option, then I missed it.