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Small and low energy enough that tiny migratory birds can wear them for months. Externally worn of course (e.g. attached to the ear, for a wolf).

You could adjust the firmware of a wildlife tag to start transmitting location every 10 minutes when the animal leaves a geo-fence.

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Bird ones are easy because birds are high in the air, so there's nothing to block the signal.

They are also not implanted in the birds, but are a relatively large "backpack" or leg tag.

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No idea. Surely some enterprising engineer could come up with a viable solution that could be sold to zoos all over, though.
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size of chip? they're tiny. dog owners typically have the vet "chip" their pet as a puppy. full-grown dog doesn't need a bigger chip.
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Those chips need to be scanned from about 3cm away. If you want a locator tag, it needs to carry enough power to broadcast a signal a useful distance. Still, a microchip is handy if you're not sure if it's your tiger you found.
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Those chips cannot track a dog's location
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