- USB4 is built on Thunderbolt 3's protocol, implementing a subset of its mandatory features
- Thunderbolt 4 is a strict profile of USB4 (all optional features made mandatory)
- USB4 v2 introduced 80 Gbps signaling
- Thunderbolt 5 is a strict profile of USB4 v2 (again, optional features made mandatory)
Concerning Thunderbolt 3: USB4 is based on the Thunderbolt 3 protocol [1].
Concerning Thunderbolt 4: "In July 2020 Intel announced Thunderbolt 4 as an implementation of USB4 40 Gbit/s with additional requirements, such as mandatory backward compatibility to Thunderbolt 3 and requirement for smaller notebooks to support being charged over Thunderbolt 4 ports.[14] Publications such as AnandTech described Thunderbolt 4 as "superset of TB3 and USB4" and "able to accept TB4, TB3, USB4, and USB 3/2/1 connections"." [2]
Concerning Thunderbolt 5: Intel considers Thunderbolt 5 as an implementation of USB4 Version 2.0. [3]
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USB4&oldid=134742...
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USB4&oldid=134742...
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USB4&oldid=134742...
Not completely true: Thunderbolt 5 demands some capabilities that are optional for USB4v2.
The sole exception should be made for "charge only" cables, which can, and should, be referred to as "wired for USB 2.0". These cables "shouldn't" exist, but I also don't want to buy a $30 cable just to charge my phone.
I think most of those cables will also support USB the protocol.