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Not trying to defend App Store policies, but writing this just for those who are struggling with Guideline 4.2 trying to publish an app that is only intended for a small group of users. There is a less well-known option called "unlisted app distribution", similar to unlisted YouTube videos: the app is public and can be downloaded using the direct link, but it cannot be found in App Store search. The "small, or niche, set of users" guideline normally does not apply for such apps.

To request unlisted distribution for your app, send it for review as usual, then file a special form [1], and mention that in the review notes.

Source: I struggled with Guideline 4.2 when I tried to publish an app showing the bell schedule and other local information for the neighborhood school. Its audience is, indeed, not of Apple scale: the school parents living nearby. Apple refused it as 4.2 and only agreed to publish it as unlisted, which I was okay with, because sharing the link between the parents was not a big deal. Google had no problems with publishing the Android app normally though.

[1]: https://developer.apple.com/support/unlisted-app-distributio...

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> I struggled with Guideline 4.2 when I tried to publish an app showing the bell schedule and other local information for the neighborhood school.

Why would you not just make this a webpage, and then the users could add it to home page as if it were an app? no Apple review necessary then. What does it being an app give you besides bureaucratic headaches?

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1. Many people are more comfortable with apps, and don't really "surf the web," and for such people "a webpage" is at best a hassle.

2. Those people and many more besides have no idea what "add it to home page" even means.

It being an app gives those people an experience that matches their normal use of technology, and I think they're probably a majority of users.

Plus, if the parent feels like making an app instead of a web page, who is Apple (or you, or I) to discourage that?

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> 2. Those people and many more besides have no idea what "add it to home page" even means.

If Apple supported the beforeinstallprompt event (available in Chrome since 2015) then people would have same experience as installing app [0]. Instead, you must create a wrapper around webpage and submit thru App Store.

[0] https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/befo...

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The main driver for making it into an app and not just a web page was the need to send push notifications. Of course, I just needed it for myself: hey, it's time to stop working and start driving to school to pick up the kid – "notify me 30 minutes before the last period ends" given that the schedule is different every day; then I just shared it with other parents.

There is a web version (it's Flutter so it was easy to make one), but parents use the app much more often.

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If you add a web page (a PWA) to the home screen, it can do push messages on iOS since a couple of years.
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The average person doesn't know this, nor what a PWA is.

Source: consulted for a company that had a PWA and paid me a lot of money to make it a native app because their users didn't know how to use the PWA.

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there still a lot of jank. on ios u can only doo this with safari, and even then u loose actual safari niceties like trad browser ui. and idk why but it op ens link in actual safari even if its the same app. unless u have a single page app that does nothing this is not a viable route/.
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nobody knows how to do this; they do know how to install an app
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Users are /very/ not used to how to install PWAs to their home screen.

Also, in the EU it just opens the site up in your browser, no lack of browser UI like you'd expect. Apple is wonderful.

Edit: It seems I never got the news they reversed course on that particular idea of theirs.

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I’m in the EU, and adding a website to Home Screen does hide the browser feel. Maybe this experience is different in different European jurisdictions.

Your point about users not being used to this is very real. I didn’t know you could until some app author showed me.

It really is as simple as sharing a link or copy-pasting, but if you don’t know it’s a think, it disappears into obscurity in the menus.

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Ah, it seems they reversed course after a few betas.

There's still this funny business: https://developer.apple.com/support/alt-distribution-ux-in-t... & https://developer.apple.com/support/dma-and-apps-in-the-eu

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I really hate it when the browser UI gets hidden. It loses me several great features like the ability to open multiple tabs. Or have a bookmark directly to a subpage.

Unfortunately some other features are only available to PWA do it's a tradeoff either way.

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I live in the EU and just wrote my first PWA and that‘s not true, there is (almost) NO browser ui/ux.

No url bar, no back/forward, no tabs, nor translation, no menu bar, no loading indicator, just… pressing down on a link shows the target url and offers open, copy link, add to reading list and share -which honestly looks like a weird oversight.

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I also have a small private app that technically could have been a PWA.

It’s not a PWA because the UX is just always inferior. Even though we’ve come really far in browser UIs, the browser is still very clunky compared to the smoothness of a native app.

And I like nice to use software.

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I often get in trouble on HN for being more sympathetic than most towards Apple. But that reasoning by Apple is ridiculous. They allow apps which only function if you buy a specific $100k+ EV, or some niche audiophile amp. Usefulness doesn’t get much more limited than that.
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What even is the idea, what would be the value in weeding out niche apps, if they did it consistently? To reduce the work involved in keeping everything in the garden lovely?
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None of the app store rules are used as guiding principles for ensuring some higher goal. It's just a bunch of random rules that allow them to ban anything they don't like at any moment in time. Sometimes it's because of the whims of a particular app store reviewer, and sometimes it's to get rid of apps that compete with something Apple wants to do.
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I've been thinking about this because I'm working on an internal company tool. It's a web app but I was thinking about creating mobile apps. In the age of agentic coding, that's no longer a massive undertaking like it used to be.

However, I'm completely blocked by Apple app store review. There's no way an app designed for 30 people would pass.

I can't get an internal app onto people's phone. I could release it as a test app but that might get blocked at any point.

I can at least release a PWA but as I understand even that might get notifications blocked at any point, with no recourse, and of course functionality is highly limited.

So the goal here is clear: don't allow people to write small apps.

Apple can then make sure they are only allowing apps that required enough work, both initially and ongoing, that nearly everyone will feel the need to charge, or include ads, and then Apple gets a 30% cut every time.

As for why a car company's app passes, obviously they don't want anyone with enough power to challenge this in court, politically, or in the media. So those get a pass.

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There is Apple enterprise for this reason. Depending on the set of APIs you want to use (which should be limited since you spoke of webapps), it allows you to distribute internal business apps.

Don’t know how known this is. But we use it mainly for internal testing.

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https://developer.apple.com/programs/enterprise/

> The Apple Developer Enterprise Program allows large organizations to develop and deploy proprietary, internal-use apps to their employees

> Your organization must:

> Have 100 or more employees

Again, it's clear that they're providing this out so that organizations with power don't have to start a fight, while small organizations can't do anything.

Even aside from that, it's clearly going to be so much work that we wouldn't be able to do it. I'm the only developer at the company, I cannot get bogged down in Apple review processes.

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For internal apps, you could go through ADEP [1] if you want to avoid the app store + review + custom apps route. But eligibility requriements have been tightened over the years IIRC.

[1] - https://developer.apple.com/programs/enterprise/

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You should be using an enterprise cert for this. You won’t have any issues with enrollment or distribution that way.
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We don't meet the requirements. Large organizations only. Minimum of 100 employees.
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I think its just to mitigate spam apps. The window's app store is kinda garbage. Apple doesn't want to spend their QA resources on apps that only 10 people can use.
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I think the solution to that is allowing an alternative app store that could manage all that for them.
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I don’t believe that the government should police what types of computers I can build. I occasionally tinker with hardware myself and have been thinking up ways to build a smartphone differently. If I want to make the device so that it only interoperates with a certain class of items, I would rather build nothing at all than be forced by the government to interop with everything, which is also a costly thing to develop.

I get it that people want more freedom from their iPhones but the thing about consumer devices is that they are an expression of a certain philosophy of how computers should work. Being a walled garden is one such approach. If you don’t agree with how a device operates on principle, you should not buy it—there’s Android or derivatives. You’re also likely to be a power user who’s in an incredible small minority because iPhone sales keep getting better every year and the walled garden approach has market (as in free market) validation.

Now, if your objective is to regulate monopolies, I think that the policing should happen in the supply chain and production side instead of the consumer software side. You don’t have more options than iPhone and Android because big players like Apple and Samsung have captured manufacturing facilities with long-term exclusivity contracts, making innovation in the space prohibitively expensive. But the law shouldn’t dictate what sort of computer innovators are allowed to build.

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>I don’t believe that the government should police what types of computers I can build.

They already do, one of the reasons it's so hard to make a smartphone is all the FCC regulations on radios.

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That’s not related to the subject at hand, which is regulation preventing anti-competitive practices in monopolies and market failures. I thought that was clearly established, or you need to be over-prompted
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It’s uncomfortable to agree because I think companies should decide what they do and don’t allow in the ecosystems they own. But once an ecosystem becomes so pervasive & necessary, I think control must be turned over to the people.
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That rule reminds me of Raya. Isn't the whole idea of that service (which is only available on iOS, I think) that it's only intended for a small group of users, who've been invited?
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It's for rich people though, different rules apply when you're well-connected.
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Wording can go a long way - calling it early access, and saying invitations will allow you to invite your friends as the platform opens up can paint a similar picture in a different way.
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You know that websites are a thing, and you can visit them from your phone?
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Apple also shouldn't force you to use Safari if you install Chrome on iOS, but so far the DOJ hasn't followed through with the antitrust lawsuit started under the previous administration. I guess gold participation trophies are enough to work around lawsuits depending on who is in charge.

https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/media/1344546/dl?inline

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They dictate the capabilities that their device is offered and how the device is designed. It is up to the consumer to decide if that is worth the price of the device.
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This argument falls apart since there is no real freedom of choice, and the importance of smartphones in our lives.

People are becoming more aware that they don’t want a corporation in control over this essential near ubiquitous technology.

I see no good reason to follow a “it’s a corporation they can do whatever they want” mindset

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Who is forcing you to exclusively buy into Apple’s ecosystem?

Are other competitors banned where you live?

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To be blunt it doesn't matter if you have a choice or not - this sort of behavior shouldn't be permitted either way. It's an appliance that at this point serves an essential function in society so user hostile behavior ought to be strictly prohibited.

The guiding principle should continue to be that manufacturers and retailers don't get to control the second hand market or dictate what users do with the things they purchase. Digital controls used to thwart the owner's freedom should be outlawed.

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Appliances have had safety mechanisms that would equivalently prevent user modification of certain elements long before digital controls existed.
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Apple is, because of vendor-lock in. Once you're sufficiently dependent on Apple's ecosystem it becomes painful to switch to a competitor because it requires switching to a different smartphone which then locks you out of most of Apple's ecosystem.
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Who the heck are you? Are you a real person? I don't understand how any human can argue that this is ok.
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You are correct and I don't get OP's point. Don't want apple rules, don't use apple products. They are the business, they can do what they want with it, right?
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We have consistently made exceptions to this rule in situations with limited choices. We would not abide by the electric company dictating a range of things, even of you have the option to run your own generator.

The truth is there are two reasonable platforms, as long as that is the case we should apply scrutiny.

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I'd go even farther than that. The US should adopt an equivalent of the second amendment regarding end user control over personal electronics and it should bind not only the government but also private enterprise. We are increasingly dependent on these devices to go about our day to day lives and they have not only been used against us for mass surveillance but are also quickly gaining the ability to exhibit intelligence and act autonomously.
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Car makers cannot do anything they want and call it a car. The motivation there is safety, but it's long been argued that personal computing devices are today extension of our lives.

Even more comparable is postal rules: at least here, there are very explicit rules about opening someone else's mail, or even destroying it. Even if postal/courier services are businesses, they have to operate within the boundaries a society sets up for them.

And finally, you can take it even further: some "businesses" operate on the fringes of legality and sometimes illegally too (think loan shark operations, casinos, betting markets... but also "protection services" and similar).

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I don't think that's the way to look at it.

There are standards for interoperability and user-friendliness with all kinds of devices, and we should expect the same from modern devices.

It would have been pretty peculiar and unacceptable if your telephone in the 80s couldn't call your neighbour because the telephone company just decided to not make them interoperable, why shouldn't it be the same here?

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Email probably could not happen today.
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This is true of 98% of regulations.

(The only exceptions are government-granted monopolies.)

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Have you heard of Android? Graphene OS? You do have freedom of choice here
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Not for long if Google has any say about it. Hardware remote attestation is here, and it's the number one threat to mobile computing freedom.

The future is one where everyone can, theoretically, install anything they want, but they get banned from everything should they actually do so. Rooted system? Attestation fails. "Oh no, looks like someone tampered with the system". Can't access your bank account. Can't communicate via WhatsApp. Can't watch something on the streaming services. Can't even play video games.

Discrimination against "untrustworthy" devices, where "untrustworthy" means not corporate owned. Leading to complete ostracization.

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GrapheneOS already has their own attestation API that verifies the app is running on GrapheneOS. Since GrapheneOS is more secure than stock Android, security conscious apps like banking apps have a solid technical reason to use the API and support Graphene.

We just need to raise the profile of GrapheneOS and convince more banking apps to use this API, if they are already using Google's attestation API.

GrapheneOS's strategy for raising their profile and being seen as more legitimate is that they've formed a partnership with Motorola Mobility, who will be manufacturing Graphene compatible phones. <https://motorolanews.com/motorola-three-new-b2b-solutions-at...>

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> Since GrapheneOS is more secure than stock Android, security conscious apps like banking apps have a solid technical reason to use the API and support Graphene.

Corporations don't use such things for technical reasons. Their reasons are political. They want control. The "security" they talk about isn't the user's security, it's their own security from the user.

> We just need to raise the profile of GrapheneOS and convince more banking apps to use this API

And until they do, GrapheneOS is permanently at risk of being shut out of the market.

And even if they do, it just means we've become dependent on GrapheneOS. They won't trust our keys, only those of corporations. Our freedom is still compromised.

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That would immediately exclude 124 million Americans. Freedom of choice would be giving us the same choice we already have on PCs. We shouldn't keep allowing the mobile duopoly to control this vital and ubiquitous resource for their profit at our expense.
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I can run Android on Apple hardware? I have freedom to purchase. There is no choice.
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Unless you want third party WebViews... (on normal Android)

(Technically besides the point, but that is a broad statement)

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"There's a small corner where they're just as bad! Checkmate!"

I totally agree that should be swappable, but what is your point? Apple doesn't even allow installing stuff outside their store in most places, and had to be legally forced to do it in some because of how ridiculous that obviously is (thanks, EU!). And even there they still have some control with their notarization process. Android is wildly more open in major, meaningful ways, despite some failures.

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Well that's a totally different problem from restricting which apps you are allowed to install
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You can still install this just not through a public listing on the app store. Apple provides various solutions for different audiences.
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Apple provides various obstacles for different reasons.
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