https://britannica.com/topic/Claude-AI
Looks like the 2023 NYT article started it, and it uses this as reference:
> depending on which employee you ask, was either a nerdy tribute to the 20th-century mathematician Claude Shannon
Personally I always associated it with the silent protagonist from GTA3.
That said, every language on earth will adapt foreign words into its phonology. The alternative would be to adopt the phonology of every language that loaned a word into your language.