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What you are talking about is sometimes called "basic research":

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research

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I actually do a phd in a closely related area. Creating better tools to do research with is definitely part of the research process. While there is a lot of work in general operating systems, those aimed to specifically do a lot of microarchitectural experiments is still undiscovered ground.
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Security researcher is a common term, there's also market research which doesn't look like it falls under your definition
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I think I see your point: how can you "research" something that was carefully constructed by highly skilled engineers and scientists who have access to every design document, artifact, and test used to build the CPU.

I don't have an answer to your question but I think you're being unfairly downvoted.

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Feel free to suggest a more suitable word. Research is usually defined against the the body of knowledge of the entity performing it and not all of humanity that ever lived.
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Yet a published peer-reviewed research should be against humanity. I am also curious whether such research can bring knowledge that apple don't know, otherwise even it is impressive, there is a level of sadness in it from my view.
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No it's against what's published by all of humanity. So if somebody knows something and hasn't published it, someone else can still scoop them.
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Yes your definition of research is incorrect.
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