A CORS error is not "an error message sent to the browser", it is an error generated by the browser, because the browser has decided it cannot permit the request. (Though certainly a server can not understand a CORS request as such, and returned a weird response, which would then end up getting translated to a CORS failure.)
You have to already know from experience that these strange devoid-of-information requests have been blocked by CORS, then find the preflight request, and there you will find a bit more information, but still much less than would be possible to show.
Showing more information would, AFAIK, not circumvent the layer of security that CORS (or actually origin isolation, which CORS makes an exemption from) adds. My best guess is that this just had very low priority when building the dev tools.