User visits A.com, types in their username and password, and a cookie is set in their browser. The browser will send that cookie back to A.com with all subsequent requests, and A.com's server will use it to enable access to the user's account.
Now the user visits B.com, which makes a request to A.com/private_user_data. The user's cookie is sent with this request, so A.com will respond with (and B.com will receive) the user's private data without the user consenting to this at all (not even in a "misguided" way).
That's not strictly correct, by the way. The request is made, but the JavaScript code on Domain A is not allowed to read the response. This matters when a request is destructive on its own, for example.
[0] https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Guides/COR...