I am applying it to LLMs on the basis of twenty years of seeing smaller programming shops tie themselves in knots by using duplication to avoid developing an abstraction that would help them because they were unsure of it.

Everyone always thinks duplication is fine when you can bill the modifications by the hour. But they never think to understand that the reason they've had so many employees is that they've turned their change process into firefighting all the different versions of the same code and all these young developers burn out from the sheer anxiety of not knowing where all the little fires are.

I once had to rescue a site that had become a victim of its own popularity, that was written by subcontractors who clearly believed that duplication is better than the wrong abstraction.

Until one day, along came a change — MySQL 4 to MySQL 5 — and a significant duplicated query no longer worked due to its new, proper strictness.

The problem was compounded; not only was the broken pattern in hundreds of places where it had sat, stable and predictable, but the pattern was broken because it, itself, was avoidance of another abstraction that would solve it.

They quit: they said they couldn't and wouldn't fix it. It had always worked how they had done it, and it would have to stay on MySQL 4 (which the hosting provider refused to accommodate).

I don't think it helped that they were severely misguided in their understanding of SQL, but the code had become beholden to duplication and then crippled by a new problem in the duplicated pattern.

I had to first find all the contexts in which that pattern appeared (which required me to spend half a day on a bespoke script) and then work out a new pattern and as few variations of it as possible to fix the duplicated code in each place, because there was no proper budget to rewrite the whole thing. And then I sat at my desk, for days, working through each one, figuring out how to change it to fit the slightly different expression of the pattern.

Even a total bullshit abstraction would have saved that client both time and money. And this is only one of dozens of times I've seen small firms simply duplicate and change code that would later become unmaintainable because of a straw breaking a camel's back.