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In the EU, at least one of the problems is regulatory/tax for digital services. They need to charge you the VAT rate for the country where you are based. For that, they need two pieces of evidence about your location. There are various things they can use for that -- telephone number, IP address, card billing address, and so on. If they can collect two that indicate the same country, they're safe -- but if all of them point in different directions then they could get in trouble during a tax audit.

Of course, for larger transactions you'd expect that a human in the loop could work with you to get the right info so that they would be covered. But I guess for Microsoft, their definition of "larger" might be more than a few grand...

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Went through similar with my PlayStation account about a decade ago - couldn't figure out how to switch it from a UK card to a US one

Tried a few things, but eventually just gave up and opened a new account (fortunately I hadn't made many purchases)

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Unless you’re on vacation what reason is there for your IP to be on a separate continent to the billing address attached to a credit card? From the POV of all the people in the payment processing chain.
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Because people move to different countries.

There's no way to update the billing address of my US bank to a foreign address. My UK bank is in the address of my house there. My French bank is in the address of my house here.

As I said, you get one and only one guess as to how the company in question wants to handle this. I want to buy Minecraft for my kid's birthday. Do I buy it from the US store with my US card because that's where I lived when I set up my Microsoft account? Do I buy it in the French store with my French card (with that US Microsoft account)?

Answer: Both of those will get you permanently banned from buying Minecraft on that account. There's a Secret Third Answer, but there's no way of knowing it in advance (or even after the fact since there is no functional customer support that knows about this issue).

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I’d not want to be responsible for the KYC/AML checks on your transactions.

Banks go out of their way for HNW individuals, which it sounds like you are with 3 seperate residences in 3 different countries, I’d check to see if you qualify.

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