Go compiles things at package-level granularity. You only need to recompile your reverse dependencies on making changes. Also there's build caching available out-of-the-box, as well as some support for test caching.
True that an interpreted language has a leg up on any compiled language in the arena of compile time, but worth noting that one of Go's primary design goals was improving compile times of massive code bases. Google was drowning under the weight of compiling huge C++ codebases and Go was the response to that (among other things).
Python is preferred because Python programmers are cheaper than other languages. Not because of any sort of technical advantages. Its literally the worse performing programming language in popular use. And it uses invisible characters in its syntax. Truly, it is the VHS of our industry.