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You're talking about the complexity of the Quicksort algorithm, whereas the article is about code generation.

Both versions sort the same data using the same algorithm. Just a tiny change in the source code caused Clang to generate different machine code.

Using different seed values - (srand(1), srand(2), srand(time(NULL))) essentially leads to the same result. With a good choice of pivot, Quicksort is very close to O(n log n) in practice, so that’s not the key factor here.

The interesting thing is that the generated machine code changes significantly.

by Sardtok4 hours ago|

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Look at the source, Luke!

It's just rand() in test.c

by chrka4 hours ago|

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Therefore it is srand(1).

by sashank_15095 hours ago|

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I’m assuming he measured time by averaging on 100s of instances, or he maintained the exact same input for both versions of code. Would be a big oversight if not!

by chrka4 hours ago|

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Both versions use the same input data. I also tried different random initial values and got essentially the same result. I didn't test hundreds of inputs, since that would have been mostly a waste of time in this case. The algorithm and the data distribution remain practically the same. What I'm measuring is the machine code that Clang generates for the hot loop.

by marginalia_nu5 hours ago|

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Looking at big-O isn't very informative. We have plenty of statistical tools for telling whether there is an effect even with noisy data.

by xlii5 hours ago|

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I ran 10k test locally on 2e5 and I'm seeing 4 orders of magnitude instability, but very high local stability (i.e. runs within specific second are very stable, showing almost no deviation, runs couple second later are the same, but results are within 1 OoM of the prior results (smaller batches, 500 tests).

I'm not saying that optimization isn't valid, what I'm saying is that Quicksort shouldn't be optimized over randomized per run data set.

by marginalia_nu4 hours ago|

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You don't happen to be running `srand(time(0))`?

> I'm not saying that optimization isn't valid, what I'm saying is that Quicksort shouldn't be optimized over randomized per run data set.

But yeah, this is correct. When optimizing, we want to pin every variable other than the change, as much as possible.

by atn344 hours ago|

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Then you run the risk of overfitting to whatever seed you picked. I think fixing a seed is probably a good idea most of the time but it’s worth considering

by cogman105 hours ago|

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It's a good rule of thumb that can be quite useful without additional analysis. It's not always the right way to do performance tuning, but I can't count the number of times I've changed an O(n^3) to an O(n) and seen massive performance gains as a result.

by marginalia_nu4 hours ago|

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Yeah it helps make awful code decent, and some algorithms are better than others, but in terms of high performance code, locality, vectorization, and branching often matter much more big O.

by bluGill2 hours ago|

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That depends on what end ends. For a small N, very bad algorithms can still be plenty fast. Sometimes it can even be faster. Some of your lower O algorithms can have very terrible constant factors, which means they're terrible when N is small, but as N gets large.

Big and small N different for different algorithms and hardware both.

by cogman104 hours ago|

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Totally agree, but I'm in Java land and cursed to have about the worst case scenario for those things :D

by marginalia_nu4 hours ago|

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Oh yeah I'm also mostly in Java land. These concerns are also concerns in Java, plus whatever C2 gets up to.

by cogman104 hours ago|

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Valhalla can't come soon enough.

I've definitely had to change things into SOA in order to eke out performance. My coworkers aren't thrilled seeing `double[] x; double[] y;` but that really is about the only way to get the JVM to play nice.

by gmm19905 hours ago|

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I hope the test data is the same when comparing the different runs. So the big o notation should be the same across different runs.

by adgjlsfhk15 hours ago|

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if you have decent (randomized) pivoting, you never hit the worst case or anything like it

by SkiFire135 hours ago|

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You don't need randomized pivoting for this, there are deterministic ones like median of median that will also result in a O(nlogn) worst case.

Also note that with a randomized pivoting you _might_ hit a O(n^2) worst case, it's just that it's incredibly rare and cannot be forced by an attacker controlling your input, so for most practical purposes can be ignored.

by adgjlsfhk13 hours ago|

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median of median does give you guarenteed n*log(n) but it doubles your memory reads per pass making it pretty poor. single random is almost guarenteed to take fewer passes (and median of 3-7 random values can make the number of extra passes over the minimum to be very low)