I would like to note that batteries at end of life are chemical waste and have to be disposed properly.
"End of life electric vehicle batteries in China to 2060 and related resource management implications"
https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-026-03555-3
"The EOL batteries contain a wide range of toxic and hazardous materials that can leach into the soil and water, threatening human health and the environment. For example, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF₆), a component in power batteries, hydrolyzes on contact with water to produce highly toxic hydrofluoric acid (HF). Additionally, cobalt, nickel, and organic solvents in the batteries can contaminate water and soil, leading to long-term ecological damage"
https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30072026/china-ev-battery...