GrapheneOS might have a better case though if it's not just about understanding the code but about how the Android build system expects that everything is in Git.
> Android has always been more source-open than “open source”.
This is about Pixels rather than AOSP. Google decided Pixels would no longer be supported by AOSP which is why they stopped pushing the kernel drivers, userspace drivers and other Pixel related code to AOSP. They moved to publishing kernel driver code via Google Drive after filling out a Google Forms submission. They're handling those manually. It's a ridiculous system and comes across as them wanting to make it a hassle on purpose. Perhaps that isn't the case and someone simply needs to make the decision to simply push Git tags somewhere else. They could put it on GitHub if the goal is disassociating it from AOSP.
We accepted the archaic new system while they were responding to requests in a reasonable time but that ended. It's now very inconsistent and is regularly getting delayed for weeks or more.
> The vast majority of community contributions that make it into the codebase are security fixes and small bug fixes.
Open source does not imply anything about accepting contributions. SQLite barely takes any contributions and the same applies to many projects. There were a lot more code contributions to AOSP than you're describing prior to recent changes with Android 16. It was relatively easy to contribute to the lower level parts of it.
We didn't have git tags when GPL was written in 1989, and while we did have sccs and rcs, (and early versions of cvs) they just weren't that widely used, and generally not used for distribution.
Even when GPL 3.0 was written in 2005-2007, source tarballs were still the primary form of distribution, even though it was starting to become standard to additionally provide anonymous cvs, svn, or one of the brand new distributed systems like git.
But these days git is the primary form of distribution, and source tarballs are noting more an afterthought. Hell, even tags are a bit of an afterthought on many projects. It's basically become the norm to expect an healthy revision history for any open source code.
Based on it's stated goals of "freedom to modify the software you use", IMO if the GPL was written (or updated) today, it would most likely require the distribution of revision history and restrict how much that history can be squashed/rewritten.
The GPLv2 requires "a medium customarily used for software interchange", not "a medium customarily used in 1989 for software interchange". Customs are the customs of the time someone is releasing the work.
Interesting choice of cropping for that quote.
If you had included the previous word, it would be blindly obvious that “on a medium“ is only talking about the transport layer, not the format of the data. So it would exclude distributing source code on tape, or even optical discs, as nobody uses those anymore. About the only medium used for source code distribution these days is “the internet”
You could potentially stretch this to excluding google drive, though google will argue that the medium is http, not google drive; But you can’t stretch this to requiring it be formatted as git.
And even if you did manage to successfully argue that, google would just ship it as one (tagged) commit per release. The history would still be missing.
I can see your point. But OTOH if providing the "preferred form of the work for making modifications" requires not squashing commits into a big mess to frustrate someone trying to make sense of the code (I'm sure the Google engineers making modifications prefer to look at individual commits!), and Google is using Git anyway to create those commits, then it seems to me like there's an argument to be made that the customary medium used to interchange a range of Git commits is Git.
But the stronger argument is that the Android build system expects everything to be in Git: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49368983
What that part of the GPL does absolutely forbid is stripping out the comments from the source code, or only shipping generated source files (but not the code which generated it). And arguably, git history is much of the same thing as comments. Especially when we have IDEs that can be configured to give us easy access to blame to help us understand the code.
The fact that commit history is not inline with the source code (or even stored as human readable files) makes it a little harder to see/argue that git history could be considered to be part of the source code, and I do wonder where this argument stops? Should the contents of bug trackers and PRs be considered to be part of the source code? What about design documents?
For Pixel kernel drivers, Google is converting the source code from the preferred form of dozens of Git repositories to a massive monolithic tarball. The build system used for this code expects it to be a bunch of Git repositories and spews out errors without it. It does build the code but it isn't the build process they used to do it themselves which is non-compliance. We need to be provided with what is needed to build it in the same way they built it.
There is plenty in Android which isn't the work of Google. For starters the Kotlin implementation and the Java implementation (OpenJDK).
I believe this isn't actually about "Android" at all but rather Pixel. Android is still openly accessible on git. But the kernel sources for Pixel devices is now behind this big song & dance for some fucking inexcusable reason.
They stopped pushing tags for any of the Pixel kernel or userspace driver repositories to AOSP. They also stopped pushing AOSP releases specific to Pixels which is why AOSP now only gets yearly releases, QPR2 releases and security backports to both of those. Other OEMs are meant to use the yearly and QPR2 releases along with the security backports to those so that's all they push. The monthly and QPR1/QPR3 releases aren't used by their OEM partners so they stopped pushing them to AOSP. Those no longer being pushed is because of them deciding AOSP doesn't support Pixels anymore.
(However, that's quite orthogonal to being a dick about making the source code that you must share available)
I'm refering to Bootloaders, TrustZone OS, Trusted Applications, then firmware for Bluetooth, Wifi, GPU, Sensors and power management. All of those are always closed source binary blobs running in the background.
I hate Google as much as the next person, and the only way with those companies would be to fine them heavily, quickly and systematically.
But it is important that we are clear about what Google does bad and what it does well. And I believe that understanding what "open source" means is important when one wants to talk about a violation of an open source licence.
Open source does not mean that they take contributions. Many firmwares used by Android are not open source, but AOSP is open source. It is licenced under a permissive licence (Apache 2, I think for everything), which makes it open source, period.
The basic requirement is whether the source code is available - and made available. Are you certain that Google's solution here is ensuring that the source code is easily made available? So many other projects just provide a wget-able link. Why does Google want to make it harder to obtain the source code than those other projects?
> Android has always been more source-open than “open source”.
And what exactly does that mean? I don't know what your words mean here. More source open than open source? Is that a tautology?
> Everything else is essentially all the work of Google and (to some extent) Samsung.
Is it GPLv2? If so then I fail to see why anyone should get higher rights. Everyone gets the same for GPLv2. That's the whole point. I don't understand your statements here.
The word “easily” sure did sneak into this sentence
I'm sure this means the source happens to be open rather than following the spirit of open source.
The originally envisioned distribution method, in fact, was "Send FSF a blank 9-track tape and they'll fill it and mail it back". Nor, obviously, does anything prevent someone who downloads this from Drive from mirroring it on GitHub or wherever.
This is arguably bad stewardship of a historically open source project. It's certainly not a license violation.
This is actually a problem that is solved in German law:
§ 3 Münzgesetz (MünzG), Absatz 1 [§ 3 Coins Act, article 1]
"§ 3 Annahme- und Umtauschpflicht
(1) Niemand ist verpflichtet, deutsche Euro-Gedenkmünzen im Betrag von mehr als 200 Euro bei einer einzelnen Zahlung anzunehmen. Erfolgt eine einzelne Zahlung sowohl in Euro-Münzen als auch in deutschen Euro-Gedenkmünzen, ist niemand verpflichtet, mehr als 50 Münzen anzunehmen; dies gilt auch dann, wenn der Gesamtbetrag 200 Euro unterschreitet."
https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/m_nzg_2002/__3.html
Translation based on the one created by DeepL:
"§ 3 Obligation to Accept and Exchange
(1) No one is obliged to accept German commemorative euro coins totalling more than 200 euros in a single payment. If a single payment is made using both euro coins and German commemorative euro coins, no one is obliged to accept more than 50 coins; this also applies if the total amount is less than 200 euros."
The formulation is not so easy to read (very common for German laws), but it includes also the regulations for normal coins:
"Erfolgt eine einzelne Zahlung sowohl in Euro-Münzen als auch in deutschen Euro-Gedenkmünzen, ist niemand verpflichtet, mehr als 50 Münzen anzunehmen; dies gilt auch dann, wenn der Gesamtbetrag 200 Euro unterschreitet."
"If a single payment is made using both euro coins and German commemorative euro coins, no one is obliged to accept more than 50 coins; this also applies if the total amount is less than 200 euros."
So, there exist two cases in which the vendor is not obliged to take more than 50 coins:
- The payment consists of both normal Euro coins and German commemorative euro coins
- The payment is less than EUR 200.
--
Independently, there does exist another source of law by which the vendor is not obliged to take more than 50 coins: Artikel 11 der EG-Verordnung Nr. 974/98 des Rates über die Einführung des Euro, EU-Amtsblatt L139 vom 11. Mai 1998:
> https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELE... (German)
> https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELE... (English)
"As from 1 January 2002, the participating Member States shall issue coins denominated in euro or in cent and complying with the denominations and technical specifications which the Council may lay down in accordance with the second sentence of Article 105a(2) of the Treaty. Without prejudice to Article 15, these coins shall be the only coins which have the status of legal tender in all these Member States. Except for the issuing authority and for those persons specifically designated by the national legislation of the issuing Member State, no party shall be obliged to accept more than 50 coins in any single payment."
Relevant part of this article:
"Except for the issuing authority and for those persons specifically designated by the national legislation of the issuing Member State, no party shall be obliged to accept more than 50 coins in any single payment."
It is definitely a dick move by Google.
I suppose forcing a means to share the source code could have been too restrictive, but the GPL only speaks about the shape of the source code itself (it should be "the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it"), not how it is shared, so indeed, not a violation of the letter of the GPL I think.
It's like what we had in France and the Hadopi, which requested ISPs to share the IP addresses of people torrenting a defined set of files. One of them sent them printed on paper... (But the malicious compliance was cool in this case).
With the greatest of respect, you've forgotten what the licenses say.
GPLv2: [0]
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
a) Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
b) Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,
...
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:
a) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange.
b) Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer [to convey the source code upon request]... on a durable physical medium customarily used for software interchange, for a price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server at no charge.
...
d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place (gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no further charge. ...
e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no charge under subsection 6d.
[0] <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html>
[1] <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.html>
[2] To downvoters: Don't forget that OCR was decent even back in the 1990s... certainly good enough for a good-quality printout in a fixed-width font to be -strictly speaking- machine-readable, and it has only gotten better as time has wobbled on. If you don't believe my account of the history, go look up how Zimmerman exported copies of PGP back when it was considered an export-controlled munition.
I stand by the position that all this doesn't seem very restrictive though. I don't think the GPL could have been without a risk of making some legitimate cases litigious or something.
It's completely wrong.
> I stand by the position that all this doesn't seem very restrictive though.
Is your position that it's less restrictive than it needs to be?
If that's not your position, then I'm not at all sure why you're bringing this up. If that is your position, then I disagree with you. The entire point of the GPL is to require distributors to "share and share alike". It's not a "sue everyone into oblivion" license, it's a "don't be a fuckin asshole with this gift I gave you to use, inspect, and modify however you wish... pass it along to others under the same terms" license.
I think the GPL doesn't impose much on how one should be redistributing the source code.
I'm not sure I would like it to me more restrictive, and I completely agree with your reading (starting from "The entire point of the GPL...").
> If that's not your position, then I'm not at all sure why you're bringing this up.
My initial reply to you was me mostly agreeing with you: distributing via Google Drive is probably not a violation of the letter of the GPL. Making it a pain to get the source code is an obvious violation of its spirit though (your "don't be a fuckin asshole" point).
>> my phrasing ... is somewhat wrong
> It's completely wrong.
Well, what concrete restriction you see in the GPL about how to redistribute the source code, apart from "you must make it available in a reasonable way (and tell people they can get it, the GPLv3 is more explicit about this but Android doesn't have GPLv3 code AFAIK)?"
Basically, if you think courts are going to be OK with interpreting "download from this FTP site" as acceptable but "download the same tarball from Drive" as unacceptable, you're fooling yourself.
Drive is fine, given the spirit of the license. It's merely inconvenient.
I hope you're not including me in "people". Remember that I said:
There might be some merit to a claim that Google Drive isn't a medium customarily used for software distribution these days, but ... I'm skeptical that it's a violation of the letter of the GPL.
Google being incapable of timely handling of these requests is not believable. They're one of the largest tech companies in the world. They deliberately moved from a system without any need for manual handling of requests to requiring it with the clear goal of creating a hassle. By failing to provide it for long enough periods of time to cause tangible harm to people relying on it, they're failing to comply with the license.
We should test how long it takes Google to release source code upon request. And whether it is 100%. I think we should test whether Google fulfils the GPL here. That's now a challenge.