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It is dimensionless by fiat and convention. It clearly has units such as degrees, grad and radians. Just like other quantities that have units, a specific measurement is expressed as a pure numerical multiple of an unit which may be radians, degrees etc.

This is a known wrinkle in dimensional analysis and people have considered making angles a fundamental quantity such as mass, length and time but have not done so because of the disruption it would cause.

More details here

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian#Dimensional_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle#Dimensional_analysis

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That's my rabbit hole of the week.

> The current state of affairs leads inevitably to ghostly appearances and disappearances of the radian in the dimensional analysis of physical equations.

In "A spectral unit", Nature Physics (2020) - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-020-0997-3.pdf Giacomo Prando summarizes the troubled history of the radian, a unit with the odd property of appearing and disappearing seemingly at will in dimensional formulas

It led me to reading about "dimensionless quantity".

> There have been periodic proposals to "patch" the SI system to reduce confusion regarding physical dimensions. For example, a 2017 op-ed in Nature argued for formalizing the radian as a physical unit.

SI units need reform to avoid confusion (2017) - https://doi.org/10.1038%2F548135b

> The idea was rebutted on the grounds that such a change would raise inconsistencies for both established dimensionless groups, like the Strouhal number, and for mathematically distinct entities that happen to have the same units, like torque (a vector product) versus energy (a scalar product).

Don't tamper with SI-unit consistency (2017) - https://doi.org/10.1038%2F549160d

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What's surprising is that these discussions are so recent, considering the wide implications on so much practical work in mechanics and engineering. Maybe people got so used to working around the question, that any proposed solution would be too disruptive - so it's better to keep things backward compatible rather than conceptually simple/clear and explicit.

In another comment someone said, "types" (in programming and type theory, I'd guess) are a poor model of physics units. But I wonder about that, it seems "units" are something like types with associated quantities, like degrees with 360, or meters with the speed of light.

This line of inquiry also led me to "dimensionless physical constants". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensionless_physical_constan...

Certainly pi (and e) must be one of those fundamental constants regardless of any unit of measurement. A "turn", on the other hand - well, if we consider 1 as a dimensionless constant that means a "whole"..

How Many Fundamental Constants Are There? (2011) John Baez https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/constants.html

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Ensuring units agree is indeed a form of type checking. A more thorough procedure for the former is dimensional analysis.

I think the fact that action and angular momentum have the same units played an illuminating role in making sense in Bohr's model regarding why only certain orbits are allowed.

Not sure how that would play out once angle is considered a fundamental entity.

This sure is a rabbit hole.

Thanks for your submission

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=49372847

hope it gets picked up.

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Agreed. Though sometimes it's useful to keep track of 'fake' units like for angles, to make something like dimensional analysis work for you.

But that's more for analysis of your code / formulas than when you actually go and compute things.

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> all angles are without a unit.

Dimensionless, sure, but what do you mean here? Radians and degrees are units, are they not?

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In a very awkward way: rad is m/m, which is 1...
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Dimensions and units are separate things, though. For example, 1 minute and 1 second are different units of the same time dimension. Similarly, 1 rad and 1 degree are both dimensionless, but they are both different units.
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Theoretically, you can define systems of measurement where a lot of seemingly separate things fall on the same units and dimensions. There are "natural units" in physics where you take the fundamental nature of particles and relativity into account and make some convenient choices for some physical constants such as the speed of light c := 1. Then the speed becomes dimensionless, length and time have the same unit and dimension (a length of 1eV is a time period of 1eV), and almost all units are simply derived from a measurement of energy (electron volt, not as basic as people would like, but useful enough).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_units

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It is only equal to 1 by convention. If we instead considered the ratio of the diameter to the arc-length then rad would be 1/2.
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Perhaps in the physics sense, but in computer science we do have the notion of types which does allow us to model the difference between an angle and other numerics.
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