I’m 40, and I don’t.I took that abstraction for granted and “left it to the big labs”. However I want to build my own LLM for learning purposes.
On needing big expensive hardware.. necessity is the mother of great innovation. Perhaps 18year olds trying to build their own LLMs in constrained resources environments will result in ground breaking ideas of achieving better intelligence than the one we currently have….
The world needs pragmatic folks who work at a higher abstraction and make LLMs useful, AND also folks who think why not “this other way”? And build newer ways to do fundamental things.
Given the usefulness of current LLMs, I would certainly encourage anybody to try and build their own LLMs, and see what they come up with…
Heck if they build a rack full of old laptops and run something with it that could be done “better” with modern servers, I’d still appreciate the learning running things on those little machines bring.
Maybe with a decent consumer GPU like a 4090, you could do experiments like distilling and fine tuning a small image model for edge deployment for specific tasks.
Even there, many use cases might require renting compute for $10/hour and investing a few hundred.
A LLM from scratch? Forget it. You can do theoretical experiments, but not build anything remotely useful with that kind of budget.
If you're talented enough to come up with revolutionary methods, maybe an university or AI lab would be the place to be.
10000%.
Even more so when things are not just expensive by nature, but truly overpriced beyond that point.
>10000%
Once in a while you do get somebody who only spends a dollar and gets more out of it than a seasoned high-roller spending $10000. Most of the time the waste is borne by those who can afford to throw away $10000 more easily than an economizer can afford to lose one dollar, so nobody is crying about it.
With how ridiculously large the language models have gotten though, a 10000x improvement in actual intelligence does seem like it could be lurking unrecognized at a different point on the compass.
You can however learn everything you need to know to get on the career ladder as a software engineer on a regular home PC.
Do you take the first step or rule it out because you don’t yet see the complete picture.
As a teenager I never hesitated to try things out. As a young adult I wanted the whole picture. Now I’m back to playing / trying things out. I kinda wish I’d not given it up. PG being a bit older and reminiscing - I bet he’s in that bucket too, whereas someone trying to establish themselves professionally probably (aka me early 20s) wants to see the path.
The “large” qualifier dates back to pre-transformer language models, where even training a multi-million model was hard due to how poorly it scaled. GPT-2 was a large language model, despite being only 124 millions parameters.
Due to how much high quality data is readily available, anyone can now train a sub-billion (L?)LM on commodity hardware.
And I'm personally convinced that pretty much any enterprise use-case of an LLM (except coding) is better served by a fine-tuned small (<2B) model that is trained specifically on the task, rather than a generalist frontier model, so learning the engineering around fine-tuning is a key skill that companies will realize they need sooner than later.
I saw my first language model in action in 2014, I was writing blog posts about them back in 2016. In recent years, like many of us, I spent some time learning ML frameworks to see if it'd be a fun career pivot.
But:
1. It doesn't seem especially creative. All the frontier labs have nearly identical model personalities, capabilities and even app designs. We're not seeing them differentiate from each other, implying that the design space might not be that large. In which case the opinions and unique approaches of specific engineers aren't that important, they are interchangeable at the right level of skill, and what to do next is usually obvious to everyone.
2. It doesn't seem like a big job market. A lot of ML jobs were wiped out in recent years by the rise of LLMs. Lots of NLP specialists etc were suddenly replaceable with a cheap API. The jobs that remain have compacted into a small number of companies. It's a small community which greatly increases career risk, especially as so many are unprofitable and/or have strong ideological requirements.
3. It's unclear how much demand for better models there actually is. Do we actually need smarter models? In robotics clearly yes and robotics is interesting and high potential, but for pure LLMs/image models, most users are already incapable of setting tasks that stress the best models and are happy with the cheaper smaller ones.
Using the models on the other hand is a very large design space, and has a lot of scope for creativity. I see use cases for AI everywhere, but most companies seem to stop at putting a chatbot on their website or asking Copilot to rewrite an email before they send it. A lot of companies have hollowed out their IT departments over the past twenty years. It feels like a new golden age of consulting work could be upon us.
I really don't think I'd tell a 17 year old to learn how to train LLMs. Learn how they work and how to use them, sure, absolutely.
There is the more likely reason they are not differentiating. They use almost exactly the same class of model. Everything is linear, parallelizable. It's incredible path dependence that's now invisible enough we think it's a natural law. Nature is not linear.
Good luck relying on in-context learning for a 600M LLM.
> The actual adapter training is automated and put behind simple APIs.
That's like saying it's worthless to learn infra because you can use serverless instead…
> All the frontier labs have nearly identical model personalities, capabilities and even app designs. We're not seeing them differentiate from each other, implying that the design space might not be that large
The design space for a generalist model isn't large, by definition. But the design space for specialized smaller models is much larger. If you can train a 200M model that, for your use-case, is competitive with a frontier one, then you'll make your company save a lot of money in tokens.
> 2. It doesn't seem like a big job market. A lot of ML jobs were wiped out in recent years by the rise of LLMs. Lots of NLP specialists etc were suddenly replaceable with a cheap API. The jobs that remain have compacted into a small number of companies.
We are in a strange place where a few companies are collectively burning a hundreds of billions a year to sell things a few pennies for the dollar. Of course it's going to be cheap and concentrated. How is it supposed to end though?
> 3. It's unclear how much demand for better models there actually is. Do we actually need smarter models?
That's the thing actually: I don't think we need better models this much, and if we don't need better models we need the cheapest possible model for a given use-case.
But it feels like it sort of backs up my point about there being good models at every size class. Fine tuning Needle looks automated. Yes, you need to know basics like what validation loss means and how to use Python, but otherwise it's all about creating the dataset.