I asked Claude for a few original designs, then iterated a lot for the UI. It called this design "Rasterfeld", which is a word that means "field of grids", a term used in swiss design https://docs.mew.design/blog/swiss-design-style/ as @alwa said.
The 3 primary colors refer more to pop art and Bauhaus.
I'm really eager for a nice book about "design" that would document all those styles, if someone has a recommendation.
It reminds me of Neue Grafik/Swiss Style, and Vignelli:
https://designreviewed.com/series/neue-grafik-new-graphic-de...
https://www.printmag.com/featured/swiss-style-principles-typ...
https://www.designculture.it/interview/massimo-vignelli.html