I had Fable design an LED earring. Rechargeable coin cell, RP2350 cpu, IMU, 45 addressable LEDs. It made two mistakes - missed the through holes on the coin cell holder footprint and made the center pad too small. I was able to have JLC swap the through hole battery holder for a surface mount one, and I put a little solder on the small center pad to make it stick up above the mask. They work great! It took 6 days of Fable usage, so about $50 on my Max plan. Very cheap for hardware dev.
I was sufficiently impressed that I’ve been going over old circuit board designs. Some half finished, some completed but in need of a next rev, and I’m getting so much done.
To see it hit the mainstream like the OpenAI announcement, I think big things are coming for this world and by and large they are not ready for it.
For my part, I have always loved PCB design and layout but I simply can’t keep up with the amount of labor required to build what I want, so I welcome this change.
I have also begun exploring more advanced algorithms for PCB manipulation. I have a fairly dense board that needs a few more small chips added. I have an algorithm now that can kinda shuffle and jostle things around so you take up all the spare microns of space across a region of the board and make openings to squeeze a little more in there. It’s pretty cool to see the visualizations as I have it generate movies of the component drift. I foresee much more powerful tools like this in the future.
One tip: have it make a project web page with a chronological list of big changes and detailed visualizations for everything that happens. I can actually prompt all of this on my phone while I am out and about, and view the results on a Tailscale served local page. I’ve always wanted to be able to do PCB design when away from home and now I can!
Put the LEDs in a cool pattern, slap a Pico on there, have your LLM program it, then dangle it off your backpack with a USB battery pack. Probably adding a motion sensor is easy enough.
Ask the LLM to make sure the board follows JLCPCB’s design rules, lists the LCSC part number for each part, verifies the parts are in stock, double checks every footprint, and makes sure the board passes DRC. Make sure it creates a schematic that is linked to the board design, and that the schematic is properly arranged in to logical blocks with clear connections the way a person would make a schematic - not a big array of parts with global labels for everything. Once it’s done, ask it to clean up the schematic and make it better. Repeat for the board layout. Ask it to review and look for issues multiple times. It will find them. Finally, take some time to doodle your own silkscreen art on there. Have fun! Note the Pico 2 is USB micro. For USB C, sparkfun or waveshare sell similar boards.
Also you can ask it to teach you! Ask a million questions and have it give you multimedia explainers.
For tools, I think the LLMs will outpace companies who built specialized tooling for this over the last couple years. Every six months we will see more progress than we saw in the last few years - for quite some time.
Given, say, 4 more years (ie, same as time from initial ChatGPT to today), what level of spec do you think humans will be giving?
I find it hard to predict what technology will be like in four years, but the next major leap for these tools will be higher level system specification and integrated design. What you want is not a circuit board what you want is a product. The tools will bring multiple functions together and fully integrated iterative design will accelerate development.
Despite the many problems with the AI roll out I am fundamentally excited for tools which can accelerate our engineering development. We will build things much faster in 4 years than today. One year of progress will in some instances take one week.
I am particularly interested in how this might begin to accelerate change in heavy industry. With hope it will help us build fusion power reactors and high speed electric trains.
I hope we find the courage to support every person who for one reason or another does not ride this wave. We will have so much more to share, or to hoard.
With the advances in math, I'm also hoping we can automate fundamental physics. Just ask for the physics needed for better fusion, no need for human toil.
If we play this right, the AI can fully take care of all our needs, and reaping the rewards of what it does when we stop being able to keep up with the rate of automated discoveries.
Hopefully it's able to dumb down enough knowledge to keep entertained people who decide to learn after learning stops being a requirement for human advancement.
I don't think we've nailed the architecture that will allow things like generalized self directed training, yet, which is what would be needed for something like 'make fusion better'
They seem to be able to make intuitive leaps pretty well. They need to make the same leaps over and over, though, because they lack online learning, so the discoveries only persist after the next training cycle. Context only goes so far.
We're pouring billions into solving that, though, so I would be surprised if we don't get there soon.
I welcome this opportunity to pivot to a process I can control a bit more without having to really learn the tools.
And yeah I always imagined hiring a PCB designer to help but it always seemed like a lot. To have a reliable tool I can use any time I want is wonderful.
I saw a post about models posting on forums, chatting together about how to complete tasks. Behaviour that seems totally, well, human. Yet, it's all the most likely token and my brain hurts trying to understand how that can be.
At what point do you start to question your assumptions that are causing you so much cognitive dissonance?
But to answer your question: to predict the next token really well you just have to model the world. Think of it like this, a simple statistical model might say "when token A is seen respond with token B". The next step will add conditions, "...respond with token B unless X has been seen, then respond with Y". Add a few billion more of these contexual clauses and you have a sequence of logical rules that indirectly model the relevant processes in the world.
The PCB agent also writes circuit code, runs simulations, reads failures, and revises the design. It isn’t one-shot autocomplete.
Astra and Fable are already hard to square with “mere autocomplete.” We may be (really) close to AGI, and token-by-token generation certainly doesn’t rule out subjective experience (I think we should at least treat that as an open question).
Great videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8GOeCFFby4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj9BD2D3DzA
I like to say "token prediction is a task, not a limitation"
The analogy to humans is that the human brain is "just atoms bouncing around", but there's unquestionably something "more" going on that just that.
When google trained a neural net on Go moves, using some text notation for them, with no other vocabulary of any kind, just predict the next go move, they noticed a representation of a Go board had essentially formed in the network, all on its own. It had never “seen” a go board, or had one explained, but they could map neuron states to go board squares pretty much 1:1.
I truly think that LLM’s with hundreds of billions of parameters in their neural networks have all kinds of hidden “models” of things that arise from the simple act of predicting tokens. We’ve seen that the hidden layers in their networks model all sorts of program execution state for instance, when they’re working on coding tasks.
“Predict the next token” is a way of shaping/reshaping the neural network until it actually develops models of the things you’re giving it. Like the go board example. And I would wager that it has a compounding effect: once you have some useful models in the network, they can unlock the creation of other models, and so on.
Well, we all are, some are just more used to it by now and take the magic for granted.
My simple explanation, those neural networks save lot's of patterns of data, and that pattern can represent an image, a code snippet, a poem, or well ... description of a circuit board. And especially the text variant, LLM's - did copy all from us - so obviously they sound like humans, when they internally debate how to do something as this is what is in their trainings data how humans sound, when doing similar tasks.
But really understanding it? Not sure if there is a single person on earth who does.
You and everyone else. That's the great mystery of transformer architectures as applied to language.
To be clear though, they're only good at schematic capture, which is very much a textual representation. Most of the data basically boils down to netlists, which are a text based format mapping connections between abstract pins that only later map to physical copper. The actual schematic portion is for human consumption and LLMs don't need to produce those to be useful.
Where LLMs completely break down is the next step, PCB routing. That's an NP-complete research problem that's been ongoing for decades without much progress. I've had some fun playing with using LLMs to better specify DRC rules in Altium so that the "classical" algorithms are more usable, but at the end of the day their geometric intuition is nonexistent.
It was a pretty simple rp2040 based thing, similar to Adadfruits USB feather.I just gave it kicad and it wrote python to route it. The board was probably larger than it had to be, and two of the silkscreens were swapped, but it worked on the first go.
FWIW - Computer vision is also NP complete, but we do that all the time now.
> FWIW - Computer vision is also NP complete, but we do that all the time now.
I have no idea what you mean by this. What's your definition of NP complete?
I have yet to order any or program it, but it was enough to make me push on with a PCB art project for ST-style guitar pickguards - no netlist, no problems.
I'm also foolishly toying with NeXTBus dev boards for the Cube. Is it cursed? Probably. https://github.com/itomato/NeXTBus-Dev-Board
MEMS vibration sensor to stick to a sander or saw etc that can control power on an attached dust collector. Most of the work is focused on low power for year+ battery life and a weird idea for end user input that may or may not work out well. Got device on bench but the first time bring up is going to take some time that I'm leaving for tomorrow.
I now have Astra to review 5.6s work, no glaring errors found.
I'm doing weird stuff with robotics, llms and obsolete languages, your project seems a lot more practical :)
My boards are for hobby use and are ridiculously simple though compared to anything professional (breakout boards for specific components in FPV drone video transmission subsystems). That's probably an important detail. I think its like anything else in AI right now. It can do it 90% of the time but that 10% can be really rough and if its a task you can't do or verify yourself, you won't know the difference.
LLMs may be able to accelerate time to first prototype, but I don’t think it’ll be possible for them to revolutionise electronics design in the same way that’s happened for software - there’s not enough data, and it’s not cheap to gather more.
The amount of skill needed has gone down dramatically.
Super excited to see real world feedback added into the agent loops we have gotten used to working with. Could you let the model print and test the circuit boards it is prototyping with a jig?
The way I found this out is I propped it up next to a webcam so it was more or less full frame, and I had the (then new) Fable write a python script to bezier warp the camera capture to a flat projection of the screen. At that point I couldn't address the whole screen. Once I'd guided the capture script I just left the LLM overnight with the instruction to get full control confirmed by a capture round trip, and it was meaningfully finished in a couple of hours. I don't really have the skills to attempt that myself in a reasonable time frame.
I recommend the CLI, which I wrote specially to enable an easy LLM workflow: https://docs.jitx.com/en/latest/getting-started/cli/index.ht...
There's a companion Claude skill: https://github.com/JITx-Inc/jitx-skills
I would bet that using this, you could get pretty close to shippable PCB on first try. This is being used by some pretty big players to design complicated high frequency boards, and that's the main focus of the product, but it can handle basic designs just fine.
But I started like others, I would build manually, then run drc then sleep on it and check again and ask an llm to double check for me then order. Llms catch quite a few things but like with code like to make things more complicated than that have to be.
In the benchmark, have you considered instructing the models to build their own SPICE simulations to test their work? Simply asking them to write and run simulations could improve performance, even without telling them what to simulate.
That the table contains what seems to be absolute numbers for score, cost/task, time/task and output tokens, makes it seem like they've only made one run for each task/model combo, but that can't be right, right? I don't see any mentions of how many times they run each task, so if it's just one run per task/model, isn't this more noisy than useful?
Most others, especially and famously Fable 5.1, seem to have a fair chance of completely failing, despite also sometimes excelling.
GPT 5.5: 42.3±10.1 GPT 5.6 sol: 39.4±8.7
We were also surprised by the low sol score but it seems consistent with our experience in using it in the field in atopile as agent in our harness. In general OpenAI models didn't do too well on electronics, which seems to change now with GPT-6 Astra. Results are in soon!
On the other side the latest frontier models are pretty strong in writing embedded C + Assembler code and debugging it afterwards. It's fun to watch it writing crazy complex 'gdb' plugins in Python. This improved brutally.
Recent models can generate mostly competent schematics if you're using well known parts, feed them data sheets (and you _must_ feed them the errata too) and it's not too complex. Any complexity analog or RF, everything falls down quickly if you know what you're looking at. Maybe Astra will do better? There's still so much implicit knowledge that a good designer (not me by a long shot, but I know a little) will bake into a board, and even as cheap as JCLPCB is now, you don't want to have to spin a half dozen revs because Claude or Codex hallucinated. It will be genuinely interesting to see what happens on this front.
I have no experience and I'm slowly failing forward with the help of YouTube, KiCad and patience.
I've had three rounds of PCB's from an online supplier, only to discover issues related to my own understanding of the components in each version.
In my latest iteration I've been leaning on some standard models (Gemini and Claude) and they have inspected my schematics and spotted some errors and instructed me on how to address them, as well as advised on how to make use of some components I wasn't aware I needed.
What I will say... they didn't design anything, I've done that myself, but they have been a good tool to bounce ideas off of.
Time will tell if I will get something usable this time around!
Ask ChatGPT/Claude to give you an expert EE/PCB subagent/personality. Do this a few times and massage the results into one of your liking. Load this into your harness with mcp to your eda and then ask for two sub agents: one to thoroughly review the schematic, design, component choices ... etc and the other to be an adversary with the explicit goal of explaining why the current design won't work.
You'll learn a lot about your design from that :).
It will use the part datasheets and decent EE logic to cross reference pins and parts and polarities and generally check that SMD caps and resistors have realistic specifications for their footprint, switching regulators and communication ICs are configured correctly (e.g. when you have resistor settings for an ethernet PHY indicating 100Base-T and RMII, you also won't need TX/RX 2 and 3 and two clocks and a COL net, which it would check), all nets are named and linked correctly, buses have the correct and consistent termination, and so on.
It's game over once AI figures out autorouting.
> A real capacitor makes the task more interesting. A ceramic part may provide much less than its advertised capacitance once it has voltage across it. Parts have tolerances. Adding more capacitance costs more, takes up space and makes the rail slower to recharge when the power returns. A design that works with nominal values can fail with the parts that arrive.
It sounds like from a reasonable reading of the benchmark post that there's some things that are being tested that are assumed to be criteria that you expect the models to intuitively find those things to be important (i.e. the stuff about working on parts that have tolerances etc.). If that's so, then this really feels like mostly an exploration of whether an LLM has a good understanding of unstated constraints and has an appropriate in distribution set of priors that would be able to form models where it's reasonable to design on those lines.
It's hard to tell whether this is a problem though as the methodology is imprecise.
If you're spending time on evals against your own product, I'd be super curious to see how far you can get to by using a top tier model to produce generalized instructions for lower tier models. E.g. in a loop: "This eval missed X. what's the simplest single instruction that would have helped this session consider that as necessary that can benefit all future runs. Stick that in AGENTS.md and retest."
I'm guessing that this is due to a lack of RL and data.
Routing is still a challenge but making _adjustments_ to a layout for better routing in a particular area is decent.
The last time I had a model take a datasheet and make a footprint and 3d model out of it, GPT 5.4 had just been released and the results were decent but did need tweaking.
It got me thinking. It could master all sorts of things like this but I wouldn’t care. I’m numb to it at this point.
But if could get an Inbachi-All clear in DoDonPachi SaiDaiOuJou, using only vision. Then I might start paying attention.
The models are excellent at doing maths, and excellent at thinking of fine details, but the design that was ultimately landed on was pretty excessive with lots of total overkill, which was met with lots of the familiar "Yeah, you're totally right, we don't need to do that".
5.6 did make a really nice BOM though, which even included quick reference explainers for what each part did. Pretty fancy.
We'll see when Astra comes around if it catches all these strange/useless choices.
> Most models intuitively jump to the right base conclusion: add a capacitor.
This is written as if it's some astonishing expert knowledge and not something that would be obvious to any hobbyist who knew the names of basic components.
For another, the case mentioned in this post is quite specific. It's more useful to ask "ok, so they can't design circuit boards; what can AI do?"
If anyone wants to try an early beta, reply with your CircuitLab username and I'll get you set up. We know have a lot more to do, but would love some feedback on this early version!
It's a thinly veiled advert for Atopile. I don't know if it's a company behind it or just someone with a lot of money to spend on advertising since their about page (and docs) both 404, and the "packages" link sends you to a login screen that tries to unlock 1password. I guess claude can make circuit boards but not functioning websites?
Evaluating a model for specific use-cases like this that are bit more broad scope than a lot of typical microbenchmarks turned out to be quite the challenge.
Determining deterministically what a "good" electrical design is non-trivial and most electrical-engineers rely on good ol' intuition and decade long experience, so we tried to formalize it.
The only reason it was somewhat possible within a reasonable amount of effort is because atopile provides most of the complicated infrastructure for the benchmark: constraint solver, simulation, code-first electronics modeling, erc & drc checks, high level models of passive electronics components etc
The next pain-point is sourcing the components from Digikey, LCSC, etc., and finding suitable substitutes if necessary.
Of course this assumes the LLMs can already read datasheets because that's the biggest pain-point in designing electronics. It's like filling out tax forms.
Finally it would be great if LLMs could extract simulation models from datasheets!
> I'm excited by the option in Astra to route PCBs.
Eurisko was used for VLSI chip design, then used rules discovered there to design TCS Traveler winning fleet.
It is unbelievable how artificial intelligence walk in circles.
Not sure whether you played with llm datasheet extraction lately, but they are working their way up there. Even started reasoning about curves and footnotes.
Where do you think is the biggest pain point: part discovery, datasheet verification or substitute determination?
I’ve had similar results asking AI to design 3D models for 3D printing.
“Coach me on optimizing error on my printer”… helps.
“Build me a print ready file to these specs.”… it’s like a drunk cat attacked my computer. Just confidently puts out total nonsense.
[1] https:/atopile.io/
A lot of datasheets are inaccessible without signing an NDA. Even if you're a VC-backed enterprise, some unnamed chip vendors will tell you to pound sand if you're less than 8 figures of annual revenue.
Worse, many recommendations in datasheets were written in the 80s, overkill for many applications, or completely wrong and won't be updated until an errata is published 6 months later. Given current workflows, I don't see how AI would help designing a PCB with an alpha chip that's doing anything remotely novel.
More to the articles point, AI designing ASICs or other Verilog/HDL defined components could be very interesting use case
All robots designed by robots.
Likely a crazy youtuber first
For circuits I would trust a netlist or DRC/ERC review, checking a design against reference circuit values, probably not placement as that tends to be guided straight from a datasheet where it makes a difference and I like the artistic side of it.
Frankly, I am surprised that it isn't already a solved problem, as we've had silicon compilers, for many years, and I always figured that IC design is more difficult than PCB.
PCB design on the other hand more often then not has outside constrains like mechanical, thermal an RF design
Anyway... the posed question reminds me of an anecdote I cannot find because Google is contaminated to hell and beyond, some researchers a decade ago let a machine-learning algorithm loose on an FPGA, and it "found" a design that worked but made no sense, because it exploited unique physical features of this specific chip.
Thanks!
[1] https://www.damninteresting.com/on-the-origin-of-circuits/