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Reply to sibling - lean4 doesn't rest on ZF or ZFC. https://lean-lang.org/theorem_proving_in_lean4/Axioms-and-Co... However I believe an equivalence of power has been shown between the two.
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Roughly, yes. See B. Werner (1997) “Sets in types, types in sets”.
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do we know if claude's formalization is built on top of zfc and not zfc+extra?

zfc itself is not sufficient, you need some layers of extra concepts formalization to fit specific problem domain(e.g. zfc doesn't define even basic arithmetics), which also could have potential issues.

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Within a given inference system, one can define concepts. This doesn’t add any axioms. It is, in essence, just a way to abbreviate things.
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ok, you now added some unknown inference system in addition to zfc
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