"A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2010 to 2024. Eligible studies enrolled adults using BBGs before bedtime and reported actigraphy-derived outcomes. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed using the generic inverse variance method. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251034611).
Results
Three double-blind crossover RCTs (n = 49) were included. BBGs showed a non-significant reduction in SOL (MD = −4.86 min; 95% CI: −20.23 to 10.52; p = 0.54) and a non-significant increase in TST (MD = 8.75 min; 95% CI: −35.31 to 52.82; p = 0.70). No significant effects were found for SE (MD = −0.61; 95% CI: −7.58 to 6.35; p = 0.86) or WASO (MD = −1.47; 95% CI: −14.94 to 11.99; p = 0.83). Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 0%).
Conclusion
BBGs may provide small improvements in sleep, but current evidence from RCTs does not support significant effects. Larger, well-powered trials with standardized protocols are needed."
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