Noto actually has a specific math font... I wonder if that would work? https://fonts.google.com/noto/specimen/Noto+Sans+Math
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Edit: Just to share what I learned after looking into this a bit...
TLDR: No single font can display every character. OpenType fonts are capped at 65535 glyphs (the vector or bitmap shape to render), but Unicode has 150k+ defined characters. Noto itself is not one single font but a collection of them, at least one font per script (where each script might support several natural languages that share the same written characters). CSS's `font-family` fallback and `unicode-range` mechanisms allow us to define "which font should be used for which ranges (and thus which scripts)". We can mix and match several Noto fonts like this to support multiple scripts & languages together. This mechanism should also allow us to display extended math symbols via the separate Noto Sans Math font.