Yes, there is an "enough or often" limit in the USA as well. State driver's licenses are based on a point system and too many infractions will result in a suspension of your license if your points dip below a given threshold. Your margin of speed vs limit increases the point deduction. Fines vary down to individual localities, some of them being annoyingly high. In most places (I believe) driving with a suspended license is a criminal offense.
One big difference may be that most places in the USA have been able to resist photo radar/LPR automation of issuing speeding tickets, so the odds generally favor you in most areas until they don't. There's also this tacit allowance for "going with the speed of surrounding traffic". If all the traffic on the freeway is going 10MPH over the limit, you're generally safe in the herd like a zebra.
The USA is a big place with a very diverse set of driving conditions and jurisdictions, so the more you know an area the better you can navigate the character of that area's enforcement. Some places you'll deal with flagrant enforcement pushes at the end of the month as police try to meet quotas. Some places use traffic law enforcement to subsidize their budgets. Our mapping apps can alert us to speed traps if other drivers report them. Drive an area long enough, you'll know where the common speed traps are, and understand the patterns in road design that facilitate them. Generally, we have the luxury of being able to flout speeding laws to such a degree that we can feel indignant when we're caught, but the law is the law.