The difference is that the C spec intentionally frees the compiler from upholding those invariants. In this case the Rust compiler is failing to catch something it is required to catch.
A more accurate analogy would be a C compiler incorrectly failing to reject an assignment through a pointer to const without a cast. The spec requires that such a thing be rejected, so it's a compiler bug.
Specifically the `q.0 = Some(&l);` violating 4.15.2:40 ("An assignment expression requires that the type of its value operand is a subtype of the type of its assignee operand.")
A bug. The one linked, that we're all talking about.
Feel free to share a link to any software that has zero bugs.