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For some kinds of forecasting it doesn't need to be exactly accurate - eg say you are forecasting traffic for how to scale a load balancer, it can be a bit off it will just cost you a little and you can adjust after - a lot of feedback systems dont need full accuracy. You wouldnt use this to forecast whether to buy shares. It basically replaces various traditional curve fitting tools. If you need a really good forecast yes you are going to build a domain model. At least this is my understanding...
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> say you are forecasting traffic for how to scale a load balancer, it can be a bit off

Problem is you really don't even need ML for the curve fitting tools. Just ARIMA or Holt Winters is enough and likely faster. Heck, Kubernetes HPA doesn't even implement full PID, just P.

It seems like the main challenge is going to be finding domains where accuracy is important enough to spend inference token money on, but not so important that you'd hire a team to build a custom model. Or maybe that team borrows Timestral weights to fine tune to the domain, but they probably already have a different model customized to the problem?

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Agree on the share-buying point. I keep a side project that tracks about twenty published bitcoin price models side by side and grades each one on its own forecast record. Two lessons carried over to any time-series benchmark for me. First, freeze every forecast as it stood the day it was made; refitting on later data flatters everything. Second, put the naive baseline (tomorrow looks like today) in the same table. The best-known model in my set, stock-to-flow, sits more than 100% off over the past year, and it looked brilliant in backtests. A 0.03 gain means little to me until I see it next to persistence.
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Forecaster of the Confounding Company here :)

You're right but, if the time series looks like music then you can apply your music domain knowledge. You don't have to only apply knowledge that's general across every domain, part of the magic of large neural nets is that you can do recognition and prediction at the same time thereby using (statistically) things known from training about how to identify a sequence and then also how to continue it.

Sure adding outside info helps even more, but with enough data it should become unnecessary (or so goes the theory).

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But why would you throw away that data at all? These are tiny models compared to domain-specific audio/music/image models, and any capacity spent on recognition is capacity that could have been used for prediction.

Is there a reason you don't throw in something like cross-attention on an embedding of the sequence description/data labels? I've trained numerous generative models for audio and images and it's always the case that the unconditional model performs worse, trains slower, etc. than the conditional one (with the best performance from a hybrid using classifier-free guidance or similar scheme).

Again I don't have experience with the domain of time-series forecasting directly, but I would think there are generalities between autoregressive generative models and time-series forecasting, given that both involve predicting the next sample(s) given N regularly sampled past inputs.

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>"Is there a reason you don't throw in something like cross-attention on an embedding of the sequence description/data labels?"

Won't you need to attribute a weight to the data coming from the model and the weight for your data?

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Do you actually find that for some use cases foundation models work better than AutoARIMA or etc? I do a lot of ecom projections and it’s never been the case for me, most of my cases are best with seasonal naive.

Would love to know actual time series foundation model use cases!

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Exactly this. It's a zero-shot model that can understand what a time series is with very little a-priori information. I would assume they've trained across a wide diversity of real world signals.
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I'm doing time series forecasting for a biological system. I haven't used these foundation models but my experience is that knowledge of how things are related is baked into what variables you put into the model (which can be more than raw data, you can make any derived product you think would be useful) but it's up to the model to figure out how they are related (if I knew exactly how they were related I wouldn't be training a forecasting model).

I'm sure someone who actually knows this stuff has a better easy to view it but my impression was that these time series foundation models aren't trained for a specific dataset but more they are trained on a procedure for how to look at datasets and make predictions. It doesn't seem to lump things into a bucket much more than any other model type (which also are just consistent procedures to look at datasets). It's not like you have radically different model types across different fields.

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I interviewed for a company which used time series modelling to predict engine failure on ships. Though they didn't call it that, they called it just "AI" and weren't familiar with the time series literature at all. (Neither was I, but I did at least know that the time series literature was a thing.) They just used a bunch of sensors attached to the engine.

That seems like a scenario where there wouldn't be external sources of information capable of improving your predictions. It also seemed to me like a scenario where good old fashioned statistical methods would outperform LSTMs, which was what they used.

(I didn't get the job - I was offered it, but they rescinded their offer at the last moment, supposedly because their investors had insisted they should hire a web developer instead.)

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I can see another use for time-series generative models; to create the right shape of noisy data.

To improve the robustness of machine learning models, artificial noise is often introduced into actual training data. Something like Timestral could simplify the process of generating it.

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I appreciate this analysis, but I wonder, setting aside unpredictable current events for the moment, aren’t seasonal and scheduled events also covariates? eg forecasting baseball scores year round?
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