My question: What kind of dynamical system observability does Timestral provide? Is it a blackbox y = F(x, params) model for offline use? Can it provide the actual dynamical system equations? Or are you stuck forever querying the Timestral server (which is bad, think about if you're grid system operator doing day ahead, month ahead forecasts, and Timestral goes down)

Typically, in linear, non-linear, and NN models, we fit some noisy data to A) An underlying model with unknown parameters or B) A model free search which attempts to construct combination of "basis" functions or C) A purely black box model which we only care about Input/Output error.

A) is useful because often we know an underlying model we want to match, but don't know the parameter values. If we can determine the parameters, we get insights about the real system. E.g, how are these two variables coupled and how strongly -> We can make business decisions about what happens if we adjust some parameters.

So what exactly does this timeseries foundation model do and provide?

Maybe, the observability is that you have a forecast, and you adjust the covariates and see what happens. But one would want much more insights than a "executive summary" of the forecast.

The important parts for me as a signals processing R&D engineer.

> Classical models such as ARIMA and linear regression remain well-established tools for forecasting time series. These models are usually fitted to a single series and learn only from that series' history.

> Deep learning models such as PatchTST add the capacity to learn nonlinear patterns across many related series, but they are still typically trained from scratch on each dataset, so what they learn doesn't carry over to new domains.

> Time series foundation models bring the pre-training approach to time series. Trained on a large and diverse corpus, our model learns patterns that transfer across series, forecasting zero-shot on data it has never seen, even in domains where data is scarce.

Edit: Looks like it's a pure black box which you can run on premise.

> Output: Probabilistic forecasts, 21 quantiles

> Inputs: Multivariate targets, past-only and known-future covariates