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> I don't even understand why so many docker images prefer to build software from sources, rather than just installing them from debian repositories

Because Debian uses older relases and a lot of custom patches. One example: Nodejs still doesn't have Typescript support in the Debian packages.

Distribution packages vs. official build from source has both pros and cons.

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And if you're using a docker package it's often JUST BECAUSE the host Debian/Ubuntu server is out of date for things you need, and Docker's the easiest way to "patch" that.
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