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> You mention it yourself, these illusions only occur with "discrete exposure periods".

Have a look at https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.93.8.3693; my point was that there is documented research that says even with continuous illumination and an (apparently) continuous camera (the brain), this happens:

> The illusion of wheels or other radial patterns rotating back- ward in continuous light, together with the perception of supernumerary spokes, suggests that the human visual system processes sequential episodes of information rather than a continuous temporal flow. In addition to accounting for this remarkable illusion, a strategy of vision that parses the world in this way can explain why movies are so realistic (simply because that is the way we normally see things) and how we detect motion (by comparing the position of the same objects in sequential episodes).

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What? Have you never looked at another car's wheel on the highway? Or is that something that only occurs to some people (doubt it).
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Eye vibrations can cause the effect to be visible to the naked eye. If even humming can do it, the road vibrations might too.
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I'm confused. I thought seeing/measuring lower frequencies due to a low sampling frequency, where the lower perceived frequency is basically the modulus of the real frequency and the sampling rate, is a well-known phenomenon independent of the actual sensor implementation.
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I guess it is, but it's unclear why it happens outside of recordings. https://www.livescience.com/32406-what-makes-wheels-appear-t...
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