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Cool, didn't know that. But like are they physically accessible? I don't think you can use the USB port as GPIO. Maybe some unused pins on the SOC itself, but that means opening up the phone and probably removing the shielding/heatsink...
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You can attach some photodiodes to your screen to control things. And use the camera/mic for input.
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Now that's a funny idea. But it's true!
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I think you can attach a keyboard to a phone over USB, and in theory it can provide both input and output (you can control the LEDs from the host computer). That would be a more convenient route, I suppose.
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That's true, although I don't know whether you can control the LEDs from within the app sandbox.

If you can access it from within the sandbox, you don't need to be limited to keyboards - the HID framework allows for arbitrary I/O.

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