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Deep dive into how DOS games do copy protection by making themselves unwinnable

(mrwint.github.io)

"The “Razor1911” crack (1991)

Finally, we get to the only crack that actually works properly. Congratulations to Razor1911 for being the only ones not fooled by the game’s trickery."

No surprise here! I was never all that deep in the Warez scene, but every nerdy kid in the early 1990s knew that Razor 1911 were the most l33t game crackers around. It was kind of a mark of quality on any game. If Razor 1911 released it you knew that not only was it cracked competently, it was probably a good game too!

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And Razor1911 is still active! Both on the demoscene and on the warez scene.
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Amazing. Their leader was busted a long time ago so I thought they were toast. Razor, Class, Fairlight, and some others hold a special place in my heart. (I know nothing of their politics)
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Not a DOS game, but one of the early Prince of Persia (circa 2007) had an evil DRM trick: after a few hours into the game, there is a pressure pad activated door that does not work on cracked versions. So if you are in a cracked versions, and if the crack is not good enough, you will spend a lot of time frustrated unable to go past that door.

It is possible that the crack itself broke the game, but I want to believe it's some genius evil idea someone from Ubisoft came up with.

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Since you mentioned "early Prince of Persia" being 2007, I thought I might blow your mind by pointing to the 1989 game :)
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It's a bit like how most people think Wolfenstein started with the 3D version in 1992 and have never heard of the 1981 original.
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I had to re-read the post because I assumed it was referring to that one up until I got to "Ubisoft". I was like, didn't that one guy Jordan something do the whole thing himself? (Including the rotoscoping of the character)
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Jordan Mechner :) pretty nice explanation with his "motion capture" footage. https://youtu.be/6ozxnrs0BP4
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I always find official cracks* like this to be amusing and worrying at the same time. Worrying because it could mean that the current owners don't even have access to the source code anymore, and it's sad to see the source of those games lost to time.

Tangentially, this phenomenon isn't limited to retro DOS games: Rockstar was caught shipping a pirated version of Midnight Club 2 [0], and Sinking Ship [1] is another example of this in the indie scene.

[0]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37394665 [1]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26311522

* Legally they aren't cracks because they are fully authorized distributions of the games

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If you enjoy stuff like this - do read up on 4am's incredible efforts to preserve Apple ][ software. Just amazing.

https://paleotronic.com/2024/01/28/confessions-of-a-disk-cra...

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Chris Crawford wrote in his On Game Design about a trick like this, that he implemented in Patton Strikes Back. Plus some other tricks. He claims that he never found a cracked version that had fixed the secondary checks. The result was a crash just before winning the game.

This looks like an older version of the same text that he later edited into a chapter of the book (does not have the claim about only finding failed cracks):

https://www.erasmatazz.com/library/the-journal-of-computer/j...

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Apple ][ games like Ultima were famous for crashing 20 hours in if you didn't crack the hidden checks.
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I have a core memory of playing a cracked copy of an elder scrolls game that was unwinnable, and spending two hours playing with console commands in the game to get past the broken section. If I recall correctly, key dialogues were broken preventing story advancement.

Sorry for stealing your game, I was young.

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I remember playing old french game "Metal Mutant", which on a level three or four asked something in french (it was probably asking for a code from manual) and if you answered wrong, it wouldn't exit the game, but it'd just silently disable all projectiles, making game unwinnable. I as a kid spent hours wandering around, thinking that I missed some clue. And game didn't have any saves, so after banging my head for a couple hours, I'd exit game frustrated, and in a month or two I had to start from scratch if I wanted to try to complete that level again.
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> As it turns out, “FAB” stands for Fabrice Bellard, who next to being the original developer of widely used programs such as FFmpeg and QEMU, is also the creator of an executable compression utility called LZEXE, developed in 1990.

Is there anything where you don't find Fabrice Bellard along the way if you just dig deep enough?

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Amazing that GOG was so lazy that they didn't check to ensure their DRM removal was complete, before offering it for sale. Hopefully this will motivate them to do a proper fix.
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I speedran through the whole article but this was a nice reverse engineering deep dive!
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Not DOS, but I remember playing a copy of Settlers III and was surprised when iron smelters produced pigs instead of iron.
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My favorite copy protection scheme was where you needed to enter some text from the printed manual that came with the game. The disks were easy to copy but the manuals required significant effort.

I also just really miss printed game manuals.

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I hated the one on F-15 Strike Eagle II on the C64; game itself was great, but you needed to look up in the manual what colour deck crew vest was displayed on the screen prior to the game starting.

I played it on a B&W TV.

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It was massively annoying even if you had bought the game though.

Also later games that wanted the CD to be in the drive to be played.

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Still a problem in the console age. It was annoying as hell that I had Halo Wars 2 installed on my XBOX ONE but couldn't play it for the nine months that the disc was lost.
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We just kept the manuals for our most frequently played games on our computer desk. I don’t remember it being particularly burdensome, especially compared to the copy protection many games employ today. Plus, several games were designed to rely upon the manuals as part of their game play, like the Carmen Sandiego series.
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My least favorite was the protection typical on C-64 games that caused constant resets of the floppy drive, banging the head against the stop repeatedly. tick-tick-tick-tick-BRRRRRAAAAAAP. I would crack games I owned (admittedly, most I did not own) just to keep them from eventually knocking my drive out of alignment. Loaded a lot faster too. Fast-Hack-Em FTW.
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SimCity had a hard to copy (at the time) red/black card with city populations, and during the game it would ask you for the population or name of cities based upon a graphical indicator lookup. If you failed the check it would inflict an unending series of disasters on your city.

There have been a couple of times even in modern games like Civ 6 where everything goes so wrong I wonder if somehow it erroneously flagged itself as pirated for some reason.

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Is this functionally different from a typical license key or activation key?
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It was effectively a "distributed" license key, broken into a large number of parts and structured as a challenge-response, so that it would be difficult to answer without a full photocopy of the manual.

My favourite variant of this was F-19 Stealth Fighter asking you to do aircraft identification, which you could get from the manual .. or any library book on US warplanes.

Least favourite was some game (TMNT?) which printed the codes in gloss black on matte black.

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Microprose games had awesome manuals. Typically more than a hundred pages full of details going well beyond explaining the game itself. For example, in a flight simulator it had details on every plane in the game, the historical context of the missions, dogfighting techniques, etc...

It wouldn't be out of place in a library.

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The manual to Grand Prix 2 taught me more about car racing than any other bit of reading, video, or whatever media. It had so much about how to drive, how to use telemetry, etc.

Not that I turned that knowledge into good results but that's another topic.

What a delight that game and its manual were.

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Besides not being a one time activation, it was not a "one key". The game would ask you for "N-th word on the M-th paragraph on P-th page", at each start for example. We are talking about an age where you would not have scanners or mobile phones with cameras.
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To the adult me, this sounds tedious and not really worth. But the teen myself, I'm sure I would totally do it even I have to solve some riddle.
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One that comes to mind was the manuals and bits and pieces that came with Infocom text-based adventure games. They were nice bits of cruft to have alongside the actual game but in certain instances puzzles within the game could only be solved by referring to something on the card, or booklet, supplied with the game. I can't recall if it was The Hitchhiker's Guide, or Leather Goddess of Phobos, but the requirement popped up quite deep into the game.

They weren't license keys, persey, as all the printed material was the same, but a tacit test as to whether you had bought the actual game, or just copied the disk.

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Leisure Suit Larry had a twist on this where it “verified” you were an adult by asking questions that older people were much more likely to know: “During the 70s, Carroll O'Connor portrayed a…”

They were multiple choice and some of them were very tongue-in-cheek, like Richard Nixon was an “audio technician or plumber’s friend”.

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I believe there was a shortcut to skip the questions on the PC. I think it was ctrl+alt+x.
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for example "flashback" ask you a writen code in the manual at the beginning of each level if my memory is good. So it's was not a one time activation
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here a example of it : (I only remember the first version) https://www.reddit.com/r/dosgaming/comments/86yxp4/question_...
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It wasn't individual per install. Anyone with the game manual could find the word or code in the book. Some games asked for a random word from the manual on boot, so you couldn't just share the code, you needed to share the entire manual (or decompile or something to find all the words it is looking for).
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And the manuals usually themselves had "copy protection". Many were printed in variations of dark colours, such that any easily accessible copier would just copy a black page.
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this was the comment i was looking for! i remember those red pages and found them annoying on even legitimately purchased games (which is how copy protection has always been IME - makes it so legitimate purchasers of a game got annoyed and hence, got cracks for games to just not be as annoyed!)
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Yes because the license key was easy to write down on a sticky note and provide it with the copied floppy disk. With this mechanism you either needed to have a copy of the entire manual, or at least all the answers to the questions it would ask.
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I remember one of the later Wizardry games (I believe it was Return of Werdna) came with a pamphlet full of codes that was printed on very dark brown paper that made it very difficult to make legible photocopies.
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Don't forget the ones that were printed with a red overlay, and came with a red filter to read them. This disrupted black-and-white photocopies.
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I remember an old Apple ][ game that someone had copied from somewhere and it got passed around by us jr high school students.

It was some sort of "Defender" style game. Apparently cracking ("Cracked by the Nibbler") caused some obstacles to become invisible. You could play the game for a bit but you pretty quickly crashed into one of these.

Wish I could remember the name of the game. I would have liked to played a legit copy

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Apparently 'The Terminator 2029' had such a trick in it. One of my friends in college was obsessed with the game and was frustrated about not being able to complete one of the levels due to a target being inaccessible. Eventually someone told him it was an intentional flaw introduced into copies that were pirated. Not sure if he ever bought the game so he could finish it.
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[dead]
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