I sometimes write readmes for myself, so that I can remember the exact steps to generate a data report, etc.
It's surprising how much they become incomprehensible after just a couple of weeks; when everything's in our head it's all clear, fluid and self-explanatory; but once we have forgotten the context, nothing makes sense anymore.
In school this lead to a lot of difficulties for me, one in writing those comments out for other people to understand, but the other seemed to be that when reading the average statements used in education for teaching I could map the same strings of language to multiple and sometimes conflicting statements because of the inexactness of the language used.
It turns out explaining concepts while leaving little room for different interpretation is hard.
There is no undercurrent or symbolism, just read the email as written please.
I became aphantasic at ~15 and spent years after interfacing with non tech people over the phone and email.
In English it's so damn hard to be precise compared to languages like Portuguese.
Also, LLMs blather so fucking much context is impossible to track wtf they are even writing about.
* Fast screenshotting and arrows/drawijg should be first class on all OSes.
AFAIK aphantasia hasn’t been super widely known about until the last decade or two (obv I have no idea how old you are now)
To play devil's advocate: explaining concepts while leaving little room for different interpretation is also pointless. If you don't care about the interlocutor's interpretation, then why are you even talking to them? If the task is really deterministic, then automate it.
The problem I have is that when I'm asked to follow a procedure that you know just while reading it was created by someone with less experience and better/faster/cheaper ways are available to get to the same result. Deviation will however get you into trouble because the procedure is what is vetted and approved. Deviations from procedure could open one up to liability if things later do not work as expected.
While we can automate away most things, human learning doesn't seem to be one of them.
A teacher should therefore embrace the fuzzy nature of explaining concepts.
e.g. as you both write documentation and see yourself or others use it, you start to get a feel for what people tend to understand and how to communicate it.
You can also do "dog fooding" where one person or group writes the docs and then other people follow them. If you iterate on this quickly, you can get to really good docs in a short amount of time.
You may still be the audience. But you will be four or five years older, shit will have gone on in your life, you will have more to remember, you will be tired, you will have less patience, you will resent being forced to do archaeology on yourself, and have a dim view of the irresponsible young scamp who thinks he has an excellent memory that you are right now.
Write for that person and your documentation will be better.
(As you may be able to tell, I am now that person. And I fear there are two more cycles of this to go)
I started a daily journal when my team’s workload got to be so much that we can’t remember everything. It helps, but even going back to it weeks later there were things I did not write down because I assumed I’d remember them later.
I’ve since gotten better at being more comprehensive, and trying to think in the “how to make a sandwich” way of instruction. I’m not being condescending to my future self, I know my future self has too much shit to mange to remember it all.
There is no "cloud". There is other peoples hard drives.
But let's pretend the "clouds" you use are "clouds". Ok. What makes the other hosting providers not "clouds"? Bit of a no true Scotsman.
Half the posts I see lately are like, "Gleam 2.0. What we learned" and then you go to the homepage and it's "Gleam is a Tribble for your Fork! (Scroll down) See if you qualify for Gleam Enterprise!"
But, I also see a lot of posts that have comments like, "How am I supposed to know what Gleam does when I don't know what a Tribble is? The blog doesn't explain anything! How can someone write an article and not explain these terms that they use so much?"
And the linked blog article is hosted in the Daily Tribble News section of www.tribbleworld.com.
Or perhaps not, if folks who need a Tribble for their Fork achieve instant enlightenment upon reading the marketing copy.
If somebody from hotjar/cintentsquare sees this, I’d prefer if your page was more straightforward about the name change. Maybe try “we’ve rebranded to content square”
“You no longer have to florp, now you can vorp!”
Big numbers, random charts. 10x 100x 200x!
Who is this for? Just make the docs the home page.
So what comes across as extremely vague, unclear, and perhaps obfuscatory, is actually somewhat properly targeted to someone who needs to decide "is this an appropriate class of purchase for a dev team." They don't need to decide if it's the best technology for the purpose, just that it is a technology for that purpose.
This is especially clear on every single one of the AWS technology top hits. Clearly the product is so vaguely described that an actual user gleams zero usable information on whether it will solve the task they have at hand, or what the capabilities are.
Individual - free Pro - $20/mo Business - $50/mo (mysteriously the same as Pro) Enterprise - contact us
(Updated the text as the downvotes indicated people misunderstood what I wrote. I agree about OP's observation)
The Nielson Norman Group has a good introduction to this: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-testing-101/
Is this interesting to people on HN?
I majored in a mix between coding and design.
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/why-you-only-need-to-test-w...
You want to hire your target audience, which may be vastly different from yourself, and suddenly you discover that the language is throwing them off, the color scheme brings different meanings, and they just don't understand the flow which felt completely natural for you.
But I guess we all re-discover things when we need to.
The biggest issue I've seen with tech docs is often expert users of a given tool or product are enlisted to write the docs, because of their expertise.
But then ironically they end up writing those docs for an audience that shares their level of expertise, rather than for the intended audience.
So you end up with lots of assumptions or leaps of logic in the docs that the intended audience can't follow.
I cannot tell you how many READMEs I've read that follow the pattern: "<uninformative-name> is a <buzzword> <buzzword> written in <language>." I only have some semblance of what it does after using/seeing a demo; too often one that isnt available through the README.
If your project is aimed at average developers yet someone with professional software engineering experience like me cannot understand it, sorry I'm not going to use it.
Every company should give their new employees a list of in-company invented words and abbreviations, so that you don't search for them online and then feel like an idiot for not being able to find them. Especially when the older employees use them as if they are common knowledge.
Going to steal this
It’s normal to compensate them for their time.
Normally though you don’t modify it after each participant. But for something very niche like following a README (as opposed to an e-commerce flow targeted to the general population) it might be fine, if less rigorous.
As I already mentioned in another comment, I recommend this post for people who want to go a bit deeper: https://www.nngroup.com/articles/usability-testing-101/
I write docs that AI agents have to follow to play a game through an API, then spin up 20 sub-agents each with their own identities / properties etc. and watch where they fail. They get stuck in the same places as humans.. or they will point out the "obvious" steps not explicitly mentioned.
now where the AI tests start to fall apart is that an agent doesn’t tell you the doc is confusing, it just does something wrong with full confidence. A person on a call says “wait, what?” and that’s worth the 25 euros :)
I used to write technical documents in prose style, sometimes with meandering stories. I guess I picked it up from my early blogging days. I realized I hated reading some of them back. So I tried to keep it cut and dried. I do sometimes sprinkle a bit of colorful wording just to add a bit of humanity but only if it doesn't get in the way of the main message.
There was a famous conflict over rms's joke about the abort() function in the glibc manual[0], which said:
> Proposed Federal censorship regulations may prohibit us from giving you information about the possibility of calling this function. We would be required to say that this is not an acceptable way of terminating a program.
I think that joke illustrates nicely what I mean: it would only have made sense to people in USA, and would have just confused others. Even those who understood it would - IMHO - most likely not appreciate it being in the glibc manual. People don't read manuals to be entertained - they read them to find out as quickly as possible how to get their work done.
I thought that maybe "spell chequer" was the valid British term, which would be interesting, so I searched but it isn't. It turns out that the joke here is that "chequer" is a valid British word, so a word-based spell checker won't flag "spell chequer", so it's self-referential. I see why people found his jokes actively confusing.
Well, I found that sentence in the post was very funny ;-)
I tend to be too verbose in writing as I want to explain the context in more detail, but short, accurate, concise is best. Many developers fail at that too, though. Many projects do not have working examples. That annoys me the most. It sends a message of "I don't care about new users learning how to use my project".
I published something the other day with minimal instructions, and felt briefly conflicted.
But I figured, if you want to run it, you'll find a way! (It probably doesn't even work on other operating systems, but porting it would take what, 20 seconds of Codexing?) It was true before AI, and it's definitely true now.
My intended audience is people who want to get their hands dirty. Though I suppose these days, that's the machine's job...
The golang docs are like this. As a novice, you are looking for detailed prose, but as you progress, you come to appreciate the terseness.
It seems to be taken for granted — that's something you'd already have in place if you're already serving applications in PHP, but would have to figure out on your own if you haven't served anything in PHP so far in your life.
As I say in the linked article, it depends on what sort of user you have. For a "getting started with Raspberry Pi" document, you might well want to include how to insert an SD card etc.
I'll have a think about the best way to help people figure out if they're running PHP. Thanks for the feedback!
from experience in ENT support where i was sending instructions & quick fix scripts to technically capable persons, you will learn very fast when you’ve missed the mark with your documentation / instructions. tons of times i had ready made solutions that i thought “just copy and paste and go what could possibly go wrong?” and was caught off guard how often a little too much knowledge lends to confusion. i am not blaming the users here it is my fault that i didn’t explain things like “no don’t change this date in the fix that is a special date when the issue could have earliest occurred and it’s there to avoid grabbing more than we need to parse”, but i didn’t tell that so of course people changed it to all sorts of dates thinking they had to
such feedback and issues also got me way better about writing code that avoided chances for such mistakes as i didn’t want users to have to read a novel to understand what to do; it’s a fine balance between what to solve with documentation and what to solve with code
Tells something about the project, IMO.
My rule of thumb for my READMEs: there should be a list of commands, that when executed in order and in a clean machine, result in the software doing something useful. Yes, this includes `git clone`.
If there's something the user might already have, like the webserver, I add a comment "skip this if you already have a web server". If there are any shortcuts that make it not production-ready, it's time to break out the ALL CAPS.
Limiting the operations to simple commands also helps me keep honest about the instructions (no hidden assumptions), and forces the software to be minimally testable.
'If you wish to make an apple pie from scratch, you must first invent the universe.'
But, it turns out that was a walk in the park compared to explaining how to acquire and isolate the dopants, not to mention building up the pure silicon wafers.
Otherwise, yes, I would include apt install for the dependencies, which is also incredibly valuable to make explicit. The only tricky part is what package manager to reference.
Like "This manual assumes that you have a Linux/BSD, a C compiler, GNU Make, and a text editor".
Even if it is a command-line tool, a screenshot helps provide a better understanding of what to expect.
I think good technical writing requires the same skills as good product ownership, that is empathy for the user and their perspective. Often technical writing is an after thought and not someone’s whole role and it really shows.
Good article
Update: Found some related HN threads (omitted link-rotted submissions).
- I'd like to review your README https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26842191 (91 comments)
- Readme.so – Easiest Way to Create a Readme https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=27006740 (65 comments)
- Readme Driven Development https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1627246 (57 comments)
Each phrase or sentence is an operation that changes the state. The state is the mind of the reader. For it to work, you have to understand the starting state, and then construct a valid sequence that modifies the state step by step until it reaches the desired state. Every step has preconditions and postconditions. You can't leave important values uninitialized. You can't refer to symbols that haven't been defined. You can't just sit down and blurt out whatever comes to mind; you have to "play computer" (or "play reader") in your head to model the effects of what you're writing. You need to be aware of which "platform" you're targeting (developers, users) and understand quirks of each variation of that platform. Some of your operations might fail, and you may need a way to detect and/or recover.
Obviously don't take it too far and reduce writing to this. But I think it's helpful for getting into a mindset where you are thinking about communication in an end-to-end, closed-loop way. Your mind needs to be engaged and stay engaged with the question of what the experience is like for the reader. It's very easy to default to an open-loop mode where you just have a random string of thoughts about the subject, let your brain translate them into words, write that down, and call it done. There's a big difference between expressing thoughts and communicating ideas effectively.
Thinking about it this way could also maybe help with motivation. It's satisfying to write computer code and really nail it and have it do its job effectively, right? You can get a similar feeling of satisfaction from good writing.
I oftentimes find myself spending more time rewriting readmes than writing code.
Treat the readme like a journey/walkthrough of your product, follow an order, and keep it simple to understand.
This was generally really a good way to go about it, because it requires everything to be correct with no room for adjustment.
Still people would miss things, but it always came from skipping instructions (sometimes completely.) Maybe 10 support inquiries total.
2real4me
In all seriousness tho, I don't really put jokes in readmes or code comments. Jokes should be tied to a moment where they make sense, not just be present in perpetuum. Slack is great for jokes, or maybe even a notion design doc comment, alongside the actual feedback.
But sticking jokes in your readme just feels like "I have you here for other reasons, now you have to listen to me be funny".
I build apps with Claude Code, and I test them by having the AI click through the UI with Playwright. That's enough to check that things work as specified and nothing is broken.
But I think the purpose is different when an AI tries it and when a person tries it. To put it in extreme terms, AI is for UI and people are for UX. People find UI problems too, though: in my music player, songs got blocked from playing in Safari on a real iPad, and I only found it by using it myself. The things found in this article, like the jokes that didn't land or not knowing what the tool even does, are on the side only people can find.
(I wrote this in Japanese and used AI to translate it.)
Change the theme at the top and normality will be restored.
I've great success with friction logs: https://mikebifulco.com/posts/how-stripe-uses-friction-logs
If you are a platform team, going through this with your internal customers is both driving adoption and making your tools better. Highly recommended!
My way in to WordPress support back in 2004 was decoding answers to others from Photomatt and others.
A user would ask a question about WordPress and, for example, Photomatt would answer. His answer was always correct. Technically correct. But it didn't land for the question asker. They would reply with .. 'What?'
I would then replay with "What Matt has said is right, and this is what he means, this is the answer"
I gave them the information they needed in words they could understand.
It was not Matt's fault, it was not the user's fault.
It was translating in a way.
Nice, good article lol. I appreciate a joke or two in a readme but totally understand the annoyance, I think forgetting to actually say what the software does is super common as well though. Often trying to figure out if something found on github will actually solve a problem only to be met with a list of install commands.
Also, it features an FAQ. FAQs are problematic (as in not often effective): https://passo.uno/what-the-faq/
Edit: Clarification
Point new starter at the readme and get them to fix any issues (hopefully very few!).
All people creating, need to speak to other people. Loved reading this.
Create a new container or sandbox, copy in the git repo or point it at your staging docs, and see what happens.
E.g. as someone who doesn't "Fediverse", the intro section leaves me having no idea what an ActivityBot is or what an ActivityBot account is.
You didn't have to murder me like that!
This is my #1 annoyance when looking at a trending repo
Me: "hi support, feature is not available??"
Support: "it doesn't work in that situation. Here's a link to our documentation with two dozen bullet points about where and when that feature doesn't work".
It's as if you selected a cell in Excel, and the copy-paste buttons were missing, and you raised a support case with Microsoft and they said "copy-paste does not work if your spreadsheet was opened from a NAS share. It's documented here that it doesn't work: <link>".
That is documentation as a defense, instead of the company putting in the effort to make the thing work, they put in documentation that it doesn't work so they can blame the user who "won't read the documentation".
Paying people to record themselves using your software without reading the instructions might actually be very informative.
I imagine the ideal is a product that requires no manual. That's not always doable, but sometimes it is. Sometimes you can get very close!
:’)
It feels like like the AI agents can't help themselves sometimes, and the judgement exercised around what's included and omitted is baffling.
But maybe READMEs have always been this bad, and AI agents have raised the baseline?
As someone on the spectrum, this does happen to me with people sometimes too; I struggle when asking a question and getting an answer that doesn't fit the "shape" of what I expect (e.g. asking a yes or no question and getting a relatively long sentence in response that doesn't contain either "yes" or "no" in it, which means I need to do the equivalent of applying it as a diff to my mental model and seeing if there are conflicts). This happens less frequently with other humans though, and on average the amount of effort I need try to figure out what they're saying is a lot lower. This doesn't make it less frustrating when I get that kind of output from an LLM, but it doesn't surprise me all that much that it happens.
I'm sure I do this all the time to people too, though. One of the biggest lessons I've learned in the past several years is that I communicate in ways that I'd probably have trouble understanding in reverse a lot more frequently than I realized, even I still do the things I find confusing from others less often than most people I interact with. I'm sure a lot of people might find this comment to be pretty much exactly like what I'm complaining about even though I feel fairly confident at least in this moment that my point is clear.
I've have people in my life where I've got situation going to the point I got sick of it and just started responding 'That didn't answer my question. Do you remember what my question was?'. Turns out many people seem to invent out of whole cloth what your question is rather than actually responding to it. Seems like a whole lot of wasted effort. I mean, it's one thing to ask a yes or no question and getting 'it depends on X, Y, Z, blah blah blah', or just 'I'm not sure/don't know'. There have been far to many cases where I ask something and the response is functionally 'well you see, it all began in 1969, back when dinosaurs ruled the earth'.
LLMs seem to atleast actually respond to your question. The question might be phrased in a way which doesn't match what you intended, and the answer will be verbose and require you to wade through prose to actually find it, or it might just be wrong, but it will at least be an answer to the question you gave it.
It was nice when emoji were used sparingly and with purpose and intention.
As my childhood English teacher said - too much of anything, good for nothing.
I kept them because they make me smile.
But isn't the whole point to make your users smile? No one but you cares if YOU smile.
Closed. You are on a machine right now as am I, lets not pretend we don't like them for clout.
I just find it a bit misleading that you’re saying you want to talk to real people all while trying to clean up AI slop.
None of the code or documentation was written by or assisted by AI.
I will say, if I did stumble on your project, just seeing that file there would be enough to make me skip past and not spend time reading. I look for those before investing any time reading a readme.
I did wonder about not having an Agents file because, just like you, I consider it a sign of poor quality. But I needed a way to discourage AI use and, in the end, none of my user research subjects mentioned it.
Confession time.
I used to be prone to giving things slightly silly names, particularly unrecoverable structured exceptions. Examples include PancakeLandingException, ReallyBadException, CataclysmicException, ApocalypticDeathException, and the like.
And then years and years ago I used to work for a company called Redgate and I started a tradition of slightly silly messages when early access builds of our .NET products would expire, all based on Monty Python sketches and quotes. So, obviously, the dead parrot sketch featured in there.
So far, so harmless, but this did come to a head somewhat spectacularly and in a couple of different ways.
Firstly, in 2009 one of my colleagues used a modified quote from The Life of Brian as an expiry message on a build. Somebody who appeared to be some sort of religious zealot complained loudly to the company. We were both in LA at the time, with a couple of other colleagues, attending build 2009, so we woke up to a chain of something like 50 panicked emails in our inboxes with people expressing differing levels of outrage and/or amusement whilst discussing various grovelling apology options... until someone figured out that it was actually an elaborate troll that we'd swallowed hook, line, and sinker. I can't remember the name of the person who caught us out but, hats off, well played, sir, well played. It did unfortunately mean we became a bit more cautious and business-like with our early access build expiry messages.
Secondly, and this one needs a bit of context setting... I've always been a fan of descriptive and explicit error messages: there should be enough information in any error message that most of the time the user can figure out what's wrong and fix their own problem OR at least so that if they get in touch with support, then support can quickly figure out the problem and get back to them with a solution. I'm not a fan of unhelpful, information poor, obfuscatory, or cryptic error messages.
But when I wanted to cause an application to exit because there'd been an error related to tampering with our licensing code I played somewhat against type. I wanted error messages that would uniquely identify what had happened, making it easy for us to figure out, whilst giving the user no clue (because I wanted to make it very slightly harder for hackers/crackers - but let's be real: this would never have actually stopped anyone). So I used successive lines of dialogue from a scene in House where House is trying to guess who Wilson's girlfriend is. I have no clear recollection of why I chose this dialogue to reproduce, but... I did.
Anyway, this did lead to some slightly confused support requests coming in from users mostly trying to use the tools legitimately in slightly unusual scenarios, but nothing that was overly burdensome. That was until early 2011, when Greg Young - he of event sourcing fame - posted the following gist because he'd encountered an error that said, "Because I wanna ask you about your girlfriend. I must know who she is, or you would've told me her name.": https://gist.github.com/gregoryyoung/871736.
Not at all creepy, right? And, of course, it went viral on twitter. Cue another massive email thread although, this time round, people just thought it was funny. However, we did decide to make the error messages a bit more boring and, in the end, I just gave them numbers.
Mostly I'm just glad the error Greg got wasn't the final line of dialogue in the exchange between House and Wilson: "Yo mamma." That would have been bad.
It is under 5 minutes to write a shell/bat/make/cmake script for each platform to configure library requirements, import OS specific data, and enable GPU/NPU features. Then run through the application build, installation package with stripped performance build, and or a few regression tests.
Lets say you have 4k downloads a month on a small project, and it takes 1 hour for each admin to read/configure. You just saved about 5 years of your users lives reading your document. =3
The hard truth is OSS is often chaotic as there is no authority saying a given API is "good-enough" to version freeze, and it limits how much individuals can integrate without upstream source-tree contiguous-integration at the mercy of 150k devs whims. =3
Flatpacks are great. I've barely ever had a problem with them, and the problems I did have were solvable with a cursory web search. Yes, they take up more space. That's a worthwhile trade-off in exchange for actually working.
For God's sake, this is not "biases," wtf?? That's straight up just not reading/following the document you're supposed to be testing/reviewing. When I test my documents I actually follow them exactly, step by step, and I always catch these sorts of mistakes. Always. I always copy/paste commands because I know that is what the customer will do, so I have to make sure that works flawlessly.
Dude, if you actually follow your own document, you don't have to pay people to do it for you. Also, you can make sure the person you are paying doesn't ignore the document like you apparently do.
I stopped reading, I'm not interested in whatever else this dude has to say. I'm literally flabbergasted.
Maybe it's because my documents have always gone to real paying customers who have to get through this install, and not some hobby project I'm super proud of or whatever and I don't think I'm super clever? Idk.
Having said that, I found consistently that when a project has working examples, ideally documented a bit, aka explained, they tend to work much better than those projects that have no examples. Working examples often also help get into a project quickly and check out how it works. It helps to learn too.
READMEs are not useless, of course, but the quality varies a lot. I also know of folks who use AI slop spam to improve it, but while it may improve a little bit, it generates a lot of horribly to read text that makes no sense. I am noticing this with the ruby core dev team - they (almost) all suddenly have perfect language skills but it is more like an advanced babelfish translator. What they piece together here makes no sense. Claude in particular is now famous for this slop content. And I don't understand what it is used: real people read any of this AI slop? Because I just skip it or filter it away these days.
Because theoretically you should be able to describe not only your entire application logic, but upper and lower bounds of inputs as well. Good code would describe this inherently.
Documentation is only useful when a) the application is not source available, so you have no choice, b) you want to save a human developer time for them to understand your code, or c) you want to use documentation as a cache hit for agent use (less token spend)
So what the author actually paid for was to interact with humans and the README checking was secondary - because, really, my own first thought was literally to ask an LLM check and try to follow the instructions in the README and pretty much any decent LLM (including several local ones) would be able to check if they're adequate and even suggest improvements (just don't let them write it for you :-P).
My point wasn't that you can use agents for all feedback, but for the given case of testing your readme file's instructions (the article's title even mentions it is about the readme file) you can certainly use agents for that.
I know, I know: It's complicated. But have you heard of AI agents?
But I just onboarded 4 interns on a project where all they had to do was
1. Install the Nix package manager
2. Install direnv, enter the project repo, and `direnv allow`
3. Toolchain, git hooks, MCP servers, in-repo issue tracker, everything is available
Putting wrong information is README is so outdated when you have programmatic setup of your entire toolchain.